• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2024

Proteins in whey have prebiotic and antimicrobial properties. Whey protein comprises numerous bioactive proteins and peptides, including glycomacropeptide (GMP), a hydrophilic casein peptide that separates with the whey fraction during cheese making. GMP has traditionally been used as a protein source for individuals with phenylketonuria and also has prebiotic (supporting the growth of Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria) and antimicrobial activities. GMP supplementation may help positively modulate the gut microbiome, help treat dysbiosis-related gastrointestinal disorders and improve overall health in consumers.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to investigate the impacts of concentration levels of whey protein isolate (WPI) and inulin on the formation and physicochemical properties of WPI/inulin nano complexes and to evaluate their potential prebiotic effects. WPI/inulin nano complexes were produced using the internal gelation method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer were used to assess the morphological and physicochemical characterizations of nano complexes, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol in nano complexes was studied using HPLC while the potential prebiotic effects were investigated by measuring the viability of probiotics. In TEM micrographs, the globular forms of nano complexes in the range of 10 and 100 nm were successfully manufactured. An increase in WPI concentration level from 1 to 3% (w/v) resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the size of nano complexs while inulin concentration level did not affect the size of nano complexes. The polydispersity index of nano complexes was below 0.3 in all cases while the zeta-potential values in the range of -2 and -12 mV were observed. The encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol was significantly (p<0.05) increased as WPI and inulin concentration levels were increased from 1 to 3% (w/v). During incubation at 37℃ for 24 h, WPI/inulin nano complexes exhibited similar viability of probiotics with free inulin and had significantly (p<0.05) higher viability than negative control. In conclusions, WPI and inulin concentration levels were key factors affecting the physicochemical properties of WPI/inulin nano complexes and had potential prebiotic effect.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Human milk is frequently the only food source for a newborn during the initial stage of life after birth. Milk provides not only the nutrients necessary for the infant's growth, but also ingredients that may enable the infant to thrive. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to be these beneficial ingredients for the health of infant. It has been reported that around 5 to 10 g unbound oligosaccharides and around 20 to over 130 different HMO are present in 1L of human milk. The suggested health mechanisms of HMO's roles in host defense are 1) blocking bacterial adhesions, 2) binding to a toxin receptor on the extracellular domain, and 3) postbiotic effect resulting from the increase of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Among the prebiotic oligosaccharides, mixtures of long chain fuetooligosaccharides (10%) and galactooligosaccharides (90%) in infant formula are demonstrated to increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli to the levels seen in human milk fed infants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.412-415
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• 2017

Prebiotics improve the growth or activities of specific microbial genera and species in the gut microbiota in order to confer health benefits to the host. In this study, we investigated the effect of poly-gamma-glutamate (${\gamma}-PGA$) as a prebiotic on the gut microbiota of mice and the organ distributions of ${\gamma}-PGA$ in mice. Pyrosequencing analysis for 16S rRNA genes of bacteria indicated that oral administration of ${\gamma}-PGA$ increased the abundance of Lactobacillales while reducing the abundance of Clostridiales in murine guts. It is suggested that oral administration of ${\gamma}-PGA$ can be helpful for modulating the gut microbiota as a prebiotic.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.2535-2541
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• 2009

Prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide preparations contain $\alpha$-D-glucooligosaccharides comprising isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) and non-prebiotic maltooligosaccharides (MOs). They are both glucose oligosaccharides characterized by their degree of polymerization (DP) value (from 2 to $\sim$10), linkages types and positions (IMOs: $\alpha$-(1$\rightarrow$2, 3, 6 and in a lower proportion internal 1$\rightarrow$4) linkages, MOs: α-(1$\rightarrow$4) linkages). Their structure is the key factor for their prebiotic potential. In order to determine and elucidate the exact structure of unknown IMOs and MOs, unambiguous assignments of $^{13}C$ and $^1H$ chemical shifts of commercial standards, representative of IMOs and MOs diversity, have been determined using optimized standard one and two-dimensional experiments such as $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, APT and ${^1}H-{^1}H$ COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and <$^1H-{^{13}}C$ heteronuclear HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, and HMBC. Here we point out the differential effect of substitution by a glucose residue at different positions on chemical shifts of anomeric as well as ring carbons together with the effect of the reducing end configuration for low DP oligosaccharides and diasteroisotopic effect for H-6 protons. From this study, structural $^{13}C$ specific spectral features can be identified as tools for structural analysis of isomaltooligosaccharides.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.449-455
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• 2017

Chocolate milk is one of the most commonly used non-fermentative dairy products, which, due to high level of sucrose, could lead to diabetes and tooth decay among children. Therefore, it is important to replace sucrose with other types of sweeteners, especially, natural ones. In this research, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ingredients formulation of prebiotic chocolate milk, date syrup as sweetener (4-10%w/w), inulin as prebiotic texturizer (0-0.5%w/w) and carrageenan as thickening agent (0-0.04%w/w) in the formulation of chocolate milk. The fitted models to predict the variables of selected responses such as pH, viscosity, total solid, sedimentation and overall acceptability of chocolate milk showed a high coefficient of determination. The independent effect of carrageenan was the most effective parameter which led to pH and sedimentation decrease but increased viscosity. Moreover, in most treatments, date syrup and inulin variables had significant effects which had a mutual impact. Optimization of the variables, based on the responses surface 3D plots showed that the sample containing 0.48% (w/w) of inulin, 0.04% (w/w) of carrageenan, and 10% of date syrup was selected as the optimum condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.672-682
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic with and without feed restriction on broilers performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and feed cost of production from 1 to 56 days of age. Methods: Two hundred and forty unsexed one day-old chicks of Arbor Acres breed were used. Two trials, I and II, were conducted, with 120 birds in both. Each trial was divided into 4 equal groups. The birds in trial I were fed ad libitum throughout the experiment, while the chicks in trial II were fed ad libitum during the first week of age, then subjected to 5 hours/d of feed restriction from the beginning of the second week up to the end of the experiment. In both trials, the birds in group 1 were fed on a control diet while the other groups were given the same control diet supplemented either with a probiotic in group 2, prebiotic in group 3, or synbiotic in group 4. Results: It was found that chicks fed diets supplemented with probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic (with and without feed restriction) exhibited higher body weight and feed efficiency than chicks fed the control diets. The feed additives in both trials did not affect hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and total cholesterol, except the packed cell volume which was increased in the additive treatments with restriction at the end of the experiment. Moreover, the dietary treatments did not influence the carcass yield. However, the relative weights of liver, gizzard and proventriculus, small intestine and bursa of fabricius were found to be increased. The additives decreased the visible fat in the carcass, with more decreasing effect in the additive groups with restriction. The lowest feed cost per kg of weight gain was observed in the birds fed diets supplemented with synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic. Feed restriction improved the feed conversion ratio, economic return, but decreased the feed intake, serum total cholesterol and visible fat in comparison with non-restricted groups. Conclusion: The biological feed additives could be routinely added to broiler diets, especially when a feed restriction program is followed. Finally, it can be recommended to restrict feed, and add probiotic or synbiotic to increase weight, improve feed conversion rate and reduce feed cost of production.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the minimally meaningful dosage of inulin leading to a prebiotic effect in Indonesian infants. Methods: In a randomized controlled double-blinded, parallel, 3-arm intervention study, 164 healthy formula-fed infants aged 3 to 5 months first obtained formula-A (without inulin) during a 4-week adaptation period. Subsequently, 142 subjects were subjected to a 4-week feeding period by administering either formula-A (no inulin), formula-B (0.2 g/100 mL inulin) or formula-C (0.4 g/100 mL inulin). The primary outcome parameter was %-bifidobacteria in faecal samples determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Secondary outcome parameters were faecal %-lactobacilli, pH and stool frequency, and consistency. Growth and tolerance/adverse effects were recorded as safety parameters. Results: Typical %-bifidobacteria and %-lactobacilli at the end of the adaptation period in the study population were 14% and 2%, respectively. For faecal pH, significant differences between formula groups A vs. C and A vs. B were found at the end of the intervention period. Testing for differences in faecal %-bifidobacteria and %-lactobacilli between groups was hampered by non-normal data set distributions; no statistically significant differences were obtained. Comparisons within groups revealed that only in formula group C, all the three relevant parameters exhibited a significant effect with an increase in faecal %-bifidobacteria and %-lactobacilli and a decrease in pH. Conclusion: A consistent prebiotic effect along with a decrease in pH and increase in %-bifidobacteria and %-lactobacilli was found only in the group administered 0.4 g inulin/100 mL.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2014

Background: There is limited understanding of the effect of dietary components on the absorption of ginsenosides and their metabolites into the blood. Methods: This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of the ginseng extract and its main constituent ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with or without pretreatment with a prebiotic fiber, NUTRIOSE, by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. When ginsenoside Rb1 was incubated with rat feces, its main metabolite was ginsenoside Rd. Results: When the intestinal microbiota of rat feces were cultured in vitro, their ginsenoside Rd-forming activities were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. When ginsenoside Rb1 was orally administered to rats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma drug concentratione-time curve (AUC) for the main metabolite, ginsenoside Rd, were $72.4{\pm}31.6ng/mL$ and $663.9{\pm}285.3{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. When the ginseng extract (2,000 mg/kg) was orally administered, Cmax and AUC for ginsenoside Rd were $906.5{\pm}330.2ng/mL$ and $11,377.3{\pm}4,470.2{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed NUTRIOSE containing diets (2.5%, 5%, or 10%), Cmax and AUC were increased in the NUTRIOSE receiving groups in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings reveal that intestinal microflora promote metabolic conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 and ginseng extract to ginsenoside Rd and promote its absorption into the blood in rats. Its conversion may be induced by prebiotic diets such as NUTRIOSE.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.390-405
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• 2020

본 연구는 probiotics와 prebiotics로 구성된 synbiotics 섭취가 건강한 성인의 배변 활동 및 변내 균총의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였고, probiotics 섭취 중단 후에도 prebiotics인 XOS 섭취가 장내 유익균총의 유지에 미치는 영향을 파악함으로써 XOS의 건강기능성 확인을 위한 근거자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 본 연구결과 BL2XO6군과 BL2XO2군의 체위 자료는 두 군 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 변내 pH는 시료 섭취 전 두 군 모두 7.0이하로 약 산성이었으나, 시료 섭취 1주차 BL2XO6군에서 pH 7.16으로 유의적으로 높았으나 2주차 이후는 pH 7.0 이하의 값을 보여 시료 섭취에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 변내 균총의 변화를 보면 BL2XO6군의 경우 Clostridium spp. 은 시료 섭취 후 변 내 균 수가 감소하는 양상을 보인 반면, Bifidobacterium spp.은 시료 섭취 후 서서히 증가하는 양상을 보여 4주차에 시료 섭취 전에 비해 유의적으로 높았으나, 이외 주차에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. B. longum은 모든 주차에서 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나 서서히 증가하는 추이를 보였다. BL2XO2군의 경우 시료 섭취 후 Lactobacillus spp.과 B. longum은 synbiotics 섭취 1주에만 증가하는 추이를 보였다. 각 주차별로 변 내 균총의 변화율에서 군별로 유의적인 차이를 보인 균총은 Clostridium spp.와 Lactobacillus spp.이었다. 즉, Clostridium spp.은 2주차에서, Lactobacillus spp.는 4주차에서 BL2XO6군과 BL2XO2군 사이에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 시료 섭취 전·후 Bacteroidetes와 Firmicutes의 비율은 두 군 모두 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 시료 섭취 전·후의 변의 양, 변의 상태 및 배변 횟수, 복통 및 CSS점수에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 군에 따른 차이 역시 존재하지 않았다. 이상의 결과 synbiotics 섭취 후 prebiotics만을 섭취할지라도 장내 균총의 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있을 뿐만이 아니라 정상적인 배변 활동을 유지하고 있어 synbiotics 섭취 후 prebiotics로 XOS 섭취는 자일로올리고당을 선택적으로 이용할 수 있는 B. longum을 장내에서 지속적으로 증식할 수 있도록 도와 장내 균총을 개선하는 효과와 정상적인 배변활동을 통한 장 건강에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.