• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.419-426
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• 2019

Mosapride accelerates gastric emptying by acting on 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 ($5-HT_4$) receptor and is frequently used in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders requiring gastroprokinetic efficacy. We tested the effect of mosapride on 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 ($5-HT_3$) receptor currents because the $5-HT_3$ receptors are also known to be expressed in the GI system and have an important role in the regulation of GI functions. Using the whole-cell voltage clamp method, we compared the currents of the $5-HT_3$ receptors when 5-HT was applied alone or was co-applied with mosapride in cultured NCB-20 cells known to express $5-HT_3$ receptors. The $5-HT_3$ receptor current amplitudes were inhibited by mosapride in a concentration-dependent manner. Mosapride blocked the peak currents evoked by the application of 5-HT in a competitive manner because the $EC_{50}$ shifted to the right without changing the maximal effect. The rise slopes of $5-HT_3$ receptor currents were decreased by mosapride. Pre-application of mosapride before co-application, augmented the inhibitory effect of mosapride, which suggests a closed channel blocking mechanism. Mosapride also blocked the opened $5-HT_3$ receptor because it inhibited the $5-HT_3$ receptor current in the middle of the application of 5-HT. It accelerated desensitization of the $5-HT_3$ receptor but did not change the recovery process from the receptor desensitization. There were no voltage-, or use-dependency in its blocking effects. These results suggest that mosapride inhibited the $5-HT_3$ receptor through a competitive blocking mechanism probably by binding to the receptor in closed state, which could be involved in the pharmacological effects of mosapride to treat GI disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.100-108
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• 2019

Objectives: Adolescence involves a number of developmental processes, as well as unique psychological characteristics and behaviors. An increased rate of internet and game addictions, school violence, and suicide may either represent aspects of adolescence or a psychopathological phenomenon. There is an urgent need to develop software programs that can prevent and resolve adolescent behavioral problems. We applied the mentalization theory to interpret and find solutions for problems faced by adolescent characters in literature. Methods: In Joan Rowling's novel "Casual Vacancy," Sukhvinder is a girl with problems representative of those encountered by modern adolescents; she is a victim of bullying and engages in self-mutilation. We targeted her problematic behaviors as representative of a prementalized state. Results: Born into an upper-class English family with Pakistani origins, Sukhvinder, unlike her siblings, fails her parents' expectations. Whenever she faces a psychological crisis, she regresses into the teleological mode (the most primitive pre-mentalization stage) and regains her sense of self by cutting herself. After her friend's suicide, however, she begins to communicate with her parents and moves toward mentalization. Conclusion: By analyzing Sukhvinder's behavior, we assessed patterns of attachment, empathy, and mentalization, and identified corrective approaches for problematic behaviors. We believe that the presented interpretation may serve as a foundation for the development of models for understanding adolescent deviant behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.192-209
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• 2014

The important national cultural heritages were retrieved. April 25 2014, US President Barack Obama formally returned 9 Seals of Joseon Dynasty and Korean Empire in Korea-US Summit taken place in Cheong Wa Dae. These Seals were taken out of Deoksugung illegally by a US Marine Corps officer during Korean War, handed down to his posterity, and last November 2013 confiscated by HSI in San Diego. Through investigations above facts turned out and it was decided to return these relics to Koera. In the process of surveying these seals, I confimed the authenticity of them and transferred my opinion to Cultural Heritage Administration. In this paper, I try to summarize the historical value of each Seals and suggest the remaining task.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.281-291
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• 2021

The Islamic jurisprudential legal system represents an essential component of the Islamic religion, that governs many aspects of Muslims' daily lives. This creates many questions that require interpretations by qualified specialists, or Muftis according to the main sources of legislation in Islam. The Islamic jurisprudence is usually classified into branches, according to which the questions can be categorized and classified. Such categorization has many applications in automated question-answering systems, and in manual systems in routing the questions to a specialized Mufti to answer specific topics. In this work we tackle the problem of automatic categorisation of Islamic jurisprudential legal questions using deep learning techniques. In this paper, we build a hierarchical deep learning model that first extracts the question text features at two levels: word and sentence representation, followed by a text classifier that acts upon the question representation. To evaluate our model, we build and release the largest publicly available dataset of Islamic questions and answers, along with their topics, for 52 topic categories. We evaluate different state-of-the art deep learning models, both for word and sentence embeddings, comparing recurrent and transformer-based techniques, and performing extensive ablation studies to show the effect of each model choice. Our hierarchical model is based on pre-trained models, taking advantage of the recent advancement of transfer learning techniques, focused on Arabic language.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cognitive enhancement brain yoga program on short-term memory and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels according to the cognitive state in men aged 20-29 years. Methods : Thirty healthy volunteers aged 20-29 years were divided into four groups: brain yoga group, yoga group, combined exercise group, and control group. Seven people were assigned randomly per group. A single-session intervention was conducted over 50 min and consisted of three parts: warm-up, main exercise (brain yoga, yoga, combined exercise, or non-exercise), and cool-down. Serum BDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and short-term memory was evaluated using the forward number span test before and after the intervention. Results : BDNF levels significantly increased within the brain yoga group after the intervention (from 28874.37±5185.57 to 34074.80±7321.12, p=.003), whereas there were no significant differences pre-and post-intervention in the other groups. The inter-group comparison showed a significant interaction between the brain yoga group and the combined exercise group (p=.036) but no significant interaction between any of the other groups. Forward number span scores were significantly increased in the brain yoga group (from 9.43±9.83 to 23±7.92, p=.012) and theyoga group after the intervention (from 13.43±9.41 to 24.14±8.45, p=.011), whereas there were no significant changes after the intervention in any other groups. Conclusion : Our findings showed that a single-session, 50-minute brain yoga exercise improved short-term memory and increased serum BDNF levels in healthy men aged 20-29 years and that yoga improved only short-term memory in healthy men of this age group.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.13-20
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• 2018

This research is to analyze the public cases of information facilities in terms of central circulations in multi level volumes such as atrium or court which provide visual intervention between different spaces and physical connections such as bridges. Hunt Library design balances the understood pre-existing needs with the University's emerging needs to create a forward-thinking learning environment. While clearly a contemporary structure within a traditional context of the NCSU campus, the Hunt Library provides a positive platform for influencing its surroundings. Both technical and programmatic innovations are celebrated as part of the learning experience and provide a versatile and stimulating environment for students. Public library as open spaces connecting to an interactive social domain over communities can provide variety of learning environments, or technology based labs. There are many cases of the public information spaces with dynamic networks where participants can play their roles in physical space as well as in the intellectual stimulation. In the research, new public projects provide typologies of information spaces with user oriented media. The research is to address a creative transition between the reading space and the experimental links of the integration of state-of-the-art technology is highly visible in the building's design. The user-friendly browsing system that replaces the traditional browsing with the virtual shelves classified and archived by their form, is to reduce the storage space of the public library and it is to allow more space for collaborative learning. In addition to the intelligent robot of information storages, innovative features is the large-scale visualization space that supports team experiments to carry out collaborative online works and therefore the public library's various programs is to provide visitors with more efficient participatory environment.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is at the forefront of present and future research activities. The huge amount of sensing data from IoT devices needing to be processed is increasing dramatically in volume, variety, and velocity. In response, cloud computing was involved in handling the challenges of collecting, storing, and processing jobs. The fog computing technology is a model that is used to support cloud computing by implementing pre-processing jobs close to the end-user for realizing low latency, less power consumption in the cloud side, and high scalability. However, it may be that some resources in fog computing networks are not suitable for some kind of jobs, or the number of requests increases outside capacity. So, it is more efficient to decrease sending jobs to the cloud. Hence some other fog resources are idle, and it is better to be federated rather than forwarding them to the cloud server. Obviously, this issue affects the performance of the fog environment when dealing with big data applications or applications that are sensitive to time processing. This research aims to build a fog topology job scheduling (FTJS) to schedule the incoming jobs which are generated from the IoT devices and discover all available fog nodes with their capabilities. Also, the fog topology job placement algorithm is introduced to deploy jobs into appropriate resources in the network effectively. Finally, by comparing our result with the state-of-art first come first serve (FCFS) scheduling technique, the overall execution time is reduced significantly by approximately 20%, the energy consumption in the cloud side is reduced by 18%.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2021

The development of technology speeds up the process of obtaining information and its analysis to track the level of corruption in different countries and develop countermeasures. This study examines the role of information and analytical support of anti-corruption policy as a tool for government accountability and analysis, evaluation, combating corruption in Eastern Europe. The purpose of the article is to identify the components of the information-analytical system that help reduce the level of corruption. The research methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of the functioning of information and analytical systems of Ukraine used by anti-corruption bodies. A quantitative analysis of the CPI score was conducted, according to Transparency International, to identify the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies in developing countries. The results show similar trends in countries developing on the effect of the use of information and analytical systems in the implementation of anti-corruption policies, strategies and measures. The strategy to combat corruption mainly involves increasing the independence and powers of anti-corruption bodies. Therefore, the development of information and analytical support is aimed at automating the processes of pre-trial investigations and criminal proceedings, information protection. As a tool for accountability, information and analytical systems may be ineffective due to the abuse of power by higher anti-corruption bodies due to political pressure from elite structures. Restrictions on political will are a major problem for the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2021

As the parallel computing capability for artificial intelligence improves, the field of artificial intelligence technology is expanding in various industries. In particular, artificial intelligence is being introduced to process data generated from IoT sensors that have enoumous data. However, the limitation exists when applying the AI techniques on IoT network because IoT has time series data, where the importance of data changes over time. In this paper, we propose time-weighted and user-state based artificial intelligence processing techniques to effectively process IoT sensor data. This technique aims to effectively classify IoT sensor data through a data pre-processing process that personalizes time series data and places a weight on the time series data before artificial intelligence learning and use status of personal data. Based on the research, it is possible to propose a method of applying artificial intelligence learning in various fields.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2022

Background: Moderate sedation is an integral part of dental care delivery. Target-controlled infusion (TCI) has the potential to improve patient safety and outcome. We compared the effects of using TCI to administer remifentanil/manual bolus midazolam with manual bolus fentanyl/midazolam administration on patient safety parameters, drug administration times, and patient recovery times. Methods: In this retrospective chart review, records of patients who underwent moderate intravenous sedation over 12 months in a private dental clinic were assessed. Patient indicators (pre-, intra-, and post-procedure noninvasive systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate) were compared using independent t-test analysis. Patient recovery time, procedure length, and midazolam dosage required were also compared between the two groups. Results: Eighty-five patient charts were included in the final analysis: 47 received TCI-remifentanil/midazolam sedation, and 38 received manual fentanyl/midazolam sedation. Among the physiological parameters, diastolic blood pressure showed slightly higher changes in the fentanyl group (P = 0.049), respiratory rate changes showed higher changes in the fentanyl group (P = 0.032), and the average EtCO₂ was slightly higher in the remifentanil group (P = 0.041). There was no significant difference in the minimum SpO₂ levels and average procedure length between the fentanyl and remifentanil TCI pump groups (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in the time required for discharge from the chair (P = 0.048), indicating that patients who received remifentanil required less time for discharge from the chair than those who received fentanyl. The dosage of midazolam used in the fentanyl group was 0.487 mg more than that in the remifentanil group; however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of TCI administered remifentanil combined with manual administered midazolam has the potential to shorten the recovery time and reduce respiration rate changes when compared to manual administration of fentanyl/midazolam. This is possibly due to either the lower midazolam dosage required with TCI remifentanil administration or achieving a stable, steady-state low dose remifentanil concentration for the duration of the procedure.