• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.126-152
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of passive caudal gliding mobilization of the glenohumeral joint on the range of motion (ROM) of active and passive abduction; to evaluate the value of pain relief through visual analogue scale (VAS); to evaluate the correlation between improvement of shoulder abduction and intra-articular movement measured by fluoroscopy in frozen shoulder patients. The subjects consisted of twenty-one patients with clinically diagnosed frozen shoulder (11 males, 10 females) between 40 and 63 years of age (mean age : 52.7 years). The traction and caudal gliding mobilization based on the convex-concave rule in the resting position and at end range of abduction was peformed for 15 minutes per day and was repeated 10 times during a 2 week period. The ROM of abduction was measured by goniometer and pain was measured by VAS. The intra-articular movement was measured by fluoroscope, Neurostar Plus TOP (Siemens, Germany). ROM measurements of each patient was acquired at pre-treatment, immediate post-treatment and 2 week post-treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0 for Windows software and data was analyzed using the paired-test and the pearson correlation. The results of this study are as follows: 1. There was a significant decrease of VAS between pre-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P<.05) but no significant difference between pre-treatment and immediate post-treatment data (P>.05). 2. There was a significant increase in ROM of active and passive abduction in the pre-treatment data, immediate post-treatment data, and in 2 week post-treatment data (P<.05). 3. With regard to results of the joint play test, there was a significant difference in the grade of traction between pre-treatment data and immediate post-treatment data and between pre-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P<.05). There was no significant difference between immediate post-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P>.05). 4. With regard to results of the joint play test, there was a significant difference in the grade of caudal gliding between pre-treatment data and immediate post-treatment data and between pre-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P<.05). There was no significant difference between immediate post-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P>.05), 5. With regard to the results of fluoroscopic findings, there was a significant change of the glenohumeral joint space between pre-treatment data and immediate post-treatment data and between immediate post-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P<.05). There was no significant change of the glenohumeral joint space between immediate post-treatment data and 2 week post-treatment data (P>.05). 6. With regard to the results of fluoroscopic findings, there was a significant change of acromiohumeral joint space between the three data (pre-treatment data, immediate post-treatment data, 2 week post-treatment data) (P<.05). 7. Mobility grade by joint play test was significantly increased and was correlated to improved ROM of active and passive abduction (P<.05). In this study of frozen shoulder, passive caudal gliding techniques of the glenohumeral joint results in statistically significant changes in active and passive abduction as well as in VAS. There is also a significant correlation between joint play test and ROM of abduction.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 2011

In this study, to investigate the effects of herb aroma components, the BDI test was performed with the 124 students of the Youngdong University and the subjects whose score was 16 or higher were selected and allocated to the herb-extracted aroma-treated group and the non-treated group, 27 and 10 students for each group. The BDI and SDS tests were carried out at each stage (before and after the treatment, 10 days later and 30 days later). The result showed that the pre-treatment BDI test result was significantly different from all those of the post-treatment test, and the tests after 10 days and 30 days in the aroma-treated group. In the SDS test, the pre-treatment test result was significantly different from the results of the post-treatment test and the test after 10 days, while it was not significantly different from the result of the test after 30 days. Additionally, to verify whether the change within the group is larger than that by natural recovery or not, ANCOVA was performed with respect to the difference in the pre-treatment test score between the groups depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the SDS pre-treatment score as the covariate, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were significantly different. Thus, it was verified that, if the SDS test score is considered as the depression indicator, the effect of aromatherapy was greater than the change by natural recovery. The difference in the post-treatment test score was analyzed depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the BDI pre-treatment test score as the control variable, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were not significantly different. Based on such a theoretical verification, it is assumed that the nature-friendly treatment method using herb aroma components can be a great help in suppressing depression. Therefore, it is expected that herb aroma components can provide systematic therapeutic effect on the suppression of depression.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권12호
• /
• pp.1119-1125
• /
• 2010

하수 슬러지의 혐기성 소화성을 향상시키기 위한 다양한 전처리 방법이 제시되어 있지만, 대부분 낮은 경제성 등의 문제로 현장 적용에 제한을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 장치의 구성 및 유지관리가 용이한 수리동력학적 캐비테이션 방법을 이용한 venturi cavitation system (VCS)의 전처리 효율을 향상시키기 위한 최적 설계 및 운전조건을 도출하기 위하여 수행하였다. VCS에서 벤츄리의 직렬 연결 개수는 3개일 때 가장 높은 전처리 효율을 나타내었고, 펌프는 흡입방식이 압송방식에 비하여 단위 에너지 투입량 당 1.6배 높은 전처리 효율을 나타내었다. 캐비테이션이 발생하는 조건에서 벤츄리의 목 직경 조합은 전처리 효율에 영향을 주지 않았다. 또한 3개의 벤츄리가 직렬로 연결된 벤츄리를 병렬로 설치할 경우 에너지 투입량 당 전처리 효율이 30% 향상되었다. 병렬 연결 운전조건으로 슬러지를 처리하였을 때, 에너지 소모량 당 가용화 효율은 5.6 mg ${\Delta}SCOD/g$ TS/kWh로 기존의 수리동력학적 전처리장치보다 우수하였다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.208-218
• /
• 2016

This study investigated the effects of the working mechanisms of proteins, mordants, and dyes, as well as the mordanting order, on dye uptake by silk fabric pre-treated with proteins and dyed with freeze-dried sappan wood water extract. Soybean protein and sodium caseinate were used as the proteins. 1. When Al mordants were not used, the dyeability of the fabrics increased upon protein pre-treatment as compared to the case without treatment. 2. Dyeing with protein pre-treatment, followed by mordanting, led to the highest dye uptake, and the optimal protein concentration was 5%. 3. The K/S values slightly decreased with an increase in the dyeing temperature, and the fabric turned dark red in color when dyeing was carried out at increasing temperature. Fabrics showed the highest dye uptake at $40^{\circ}C$. 4. Regarding the effect of time, the K/S values of the fabrics with and without protein treatment showed almost no increase after the initial dyeing time of 10min; further, there was hardly any difference in the cases with and without protein pre-treatment. 5. In case of protein pre-treatment fabrics, the washing fastness was level 2. The dry cleaning fastness showed very excellent result with level 4-5. The rubbing fastness was better in dry rubbing than in wet rubbing of the fabrics. For the light fastness, all dyed fabrics showed low fastness.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 G
• /
• pp.3313-3315
• /
• 1999

Si direct bonding(SDB) technology is very attractive for both Si-on-insulator(SOI) electric devices and MEMS applications because of its stress free structure and stability. This paper presents on pre-bonding according to HF pre-treatment conditions in Si wafer direct bonding. The characteristics of bonded sample were measured under different bonding conditions of HF concentration, and applied pressure. The bonding strength was evaluated by tensile strength method. The bonded interface and the void were analyzed by using SEM and IR camera respectively. A bond characteristic on the interface was analyzed by using IT- IR. Si-F bonds on Si surface after HF pre-treatment are replaced by Si-OH during a DI water rinse. Consequently, hydrophobic wafer was bonded by hydrogen bonding of Si $OH{\cdots}(HOH{\cdots}HOH{\cdots}HOH){\cdots}OH-Si$. The bond strength depends on the HF pre-treatment condition before pre- bonding (Min:$2.4kgf/crn^2{\sim}Max:14.9kgf/crn^2$)

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.122-128
• /
• 2018

Purpose: To investigate positional uncertainty and its correlation with clinical parameters in spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using thermoplastic mask (TM) immobilization. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients who underwent spine SBRT for cervical or upper thoracic spinal lesions were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with image guidance using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 4 degrees-of-freedom (DoF) positional correction. Initial, pre-treatment, and post-treatment CBCTs were analyzed. Setup error (SE), pre-treatment residual error (preRE), post-treatment residual error (postRE), intrafraction motion before treatment (IM1), and intrafraction motion during treatment (IM2) were determined from 6 DoF manual rigid registration. Results: The three-dimensional (3D) magnitudes of translational uncertainties (mean ${\pm}$ 2 standard deviation) were $3.7{\pm}3.5mm$ (SE), $0.9{\pm}0.9mm$ (preRE), $1.2{\pm}1.5mm$ (postRE), $1.4{\pm}2.4mm$ (IM1), and $0.9{\pm}1.0mm$ (IM2), and average angular differences were $1.1^{\circ}{\pm}1.2^{\circ}$ (SE), $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ (preRE), $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ (postRE), $0.6^{\circ}{\pm}0.9^{\circ}$ (IM1), and $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}$ (IM2). The 3D magnitude of SE, preRE, postRE, IM1, and IM2 exceeded 2 mm in 18, 0, 3, 3, and 1 patients, respectively. No association were found between all positional uncertainties and body mass index, pain score, and treatment location (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). There was a tendency of intrafraction motion to increase with overall treatment time; however, the correlation was not statistically significant (p > 0.05, Spearman rank correlation test). Conclusion: In spine SBRT using TM immobilization, CBCT and 4 DoF alignment correction, a minimum residual translational uncertainty was 2 mm. Shortening overall treatment time and 6 DoF positional correction may further reduce positional uncertainties.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.84-89
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 음식폐기물과 하수슬러지의 병합처리를 위한 음식폐기물 전처리시설을 평가하고 그 활용방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구에서 이용한 음식폐기물 전처리시설은 저장, 선별분쇄, 농축의 순으로 구성되어 있으며, 하수처리장 방류수를 희석수로 이용하여 선별분쇄시 파쇄를 용이하게 하고 염분농도의 희석효과도 가져올 수 있었다. 파쇄된 음식폐기물의 입자는 대부분 2mm 이하로 하수슬러지와 혼합하여 혐기성소화시 효율이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 기존 하수슬러지 처리시 발생되는 가스발생량은 0.8톤/일(메탄 0.5톤/일)로 매우 낮았으나 음식폐기물과의 병합처리후에는 3.5톤/일(메탄 2.3톤/일)의 소화가스가 발생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 탈수슬러지의 발생량 또한 기존 11.2톤/일에 비해 21.2톤/일로 증가하지만 하수슬러지에 비해 유기물 함량이 높으므로 재활용 가치가 높을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 음식폐기물 전처리시설의 적절한 활용을 통해 기존 하수처리시설과의 연계 처리가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 유입 슬러지에 다양한 전처리 방법을 적용하여 전처리 방법이 중온혐기-고온호기 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 소화효율과 메탄가스 생성량에 미치는 영향을 비교 검증하였다. 실험실 규모의 슬러지 소화장치를 제작하여 서로 다른 유입 슬러지 전처리방법을 적용하여 4단계로 실험을 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였고, 2, 3, 4단계에서는 각각 열처리, 열-알칼리처리, 장기 알칼리 처리(7일)를 거친 유입 슬러지를 공급하였다. 실험 결과, 1단계에서 4단계까지 진행되는 동안 총COD 제거율은 44%에서 76%까지 증가하였으며, 메탄 생성량 또한 101mL/L/day에서 165, 256mL/L/day까지 크게 증가하였다. 한편, 4단계에서는 7일간의 장기 알칼리 처리를 하였음에도 불구하고 3단계에 비해 총COD 제거율과 메탄 생성량이 증가하지 않았다. 결론적으로, 유입 슬러지의 전처리를 통해 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 제거 효율과 메탄생성량을 크게 증가시킬 수 있었으며, 여러 가지 전처리 방법 중 열-알칼리 처리법이 가장 효율적임을 실험결과를 통해 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제22권8호
• /
• pp.645-649
• /
• 2009

We investigated the effects of a high density $O_2$ plasma treatment on the structural and electrical properties of Ga-, B- codoped ZnO (GZOB) films. The GZOB films were deposited on polymer substrate without substrate heating by DC magnetron sputtering. Prior to the GZOB film growth, we treated a polymer substrate with highly dense inductively coupled oxygen plasma. The optical transmittance of the GZOB film, about 80 %, was maintained regardless of the plasma pre-treatment. The resistivity of the GZOB film on PC substrate decreased from 9.08 ${\times}$ $10^{-3}$ ${\Omega}-cm$ without an $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment to 2.12 ${\times}$ $10^{-3}$ ${\Omega}-cm$ with an $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment. And PES substrate decreased from 1.14 ${\times}$ $10^{-2}$ ${\Omega}-cm$ without an $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment to 6.13 ${\times}$ $10^{-3}$ ${\Omega}-cm$ with an $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.24-28
• /
• 2005

New post plasma nitriding can achieve a high uniformity that have been difficult in DC nitriding and have a high productivity comparable to gas nitriding. However, it has not a enough high nitriding potential for a rapid nitriding, because surface activation or ion etching in the general plasma nitriding cannot be expected. Thus, in this study, the effects of pre-treatments with oxidation and reduction gas have been investigated to improve the nitriding kinetics of post plasma nitriding. An effective pre-treatment consisting of oxidation and reduction resulted in the increase of surface energy of STD 11. This induced the surface hardness and the effective nitriding depth of STD 11. It is thought that the increase of the surface energy and the surface area with pre-treatment promote the nucleation of nitriding layer.