• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 1996

Human teeth vary widely in color. Practitioner and patients are concerned with preventing and correcting discolored or dark teeth to achieve and maintain stain-free, white teeth. Tooth brushing cannot alter tooth color but it can remove adhering films and stains. The esthetics of natural dentition can be improved by bleaching and this process can be applied to intrinsically and extrinsically stained teeth. The need for a brighter, more attractive smile has made rapid growth in the market for tooth whiteners. There is no doubt these products work as whiteners, at least on mild to moderate stains, but the safety of these products are unclear. In this experiment, the effect of tooth whitener application on the color and microhardness of extracted human enamel was measured. RMS, RMT and NWT were used as tooth whiteners, and tooth paste(ETQ) and hydrogen peroxide solution(HPO) were used as controls. 35 caries-free extracted human molars were embedded and polished with the exposed enamel diameter of 4 mm. The tooth whiteners and control agents were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions or clinically simulated procedures for eight weeks, and measurements were repeated every two weeks. Value(L＊) difference was measured using Differential Colorimeter(Model TC-6FX, Denshoku Co., Japan), and microhardness was measured using microhardness tester(Mitsuzawa Seiki Co., Japan). The results were as follows; 1. After application of agents for eight weeks, the Vickers hardness increased significantly in the ETQ, RMS and RMT application group(p〈0.01), and that decreased significantly in NWT application group(p〈0.01), but in HPO application group there was no significant change. The change in microhardness was greatest in NWT application group(p〈0.01). 2. After application of tooth whiteners and controls for eight weeks, the value change of toothpaste application group was significantly lower than those of other agents groups(p〈0.01), and there was no significant difference in value(L＊) change among tooth whitener groups(p〉0.01). 3. The application of tooth paste and paste type tooth whitener made gradual value change, but hydrogen peroxide gel type tooth whitener and hydrogen peroxide solution made rapid value change during initial application period.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1992

The role of Community Health Practitioner(CHP) should be continuously adapted to the social changes and the needs for health care services. That is the reason CHP needs to be retrained through the continuing education program. This paper showed CHP's roles to be reinforced by analyzing his present . task performance and ability in seven task areas as well as the changes of the social environment. In addition, this paper presented retraining areas needed for the reinforcement of the CHP's role in the future, and the development strategy of related continuing education package. The major results are as follows: 1. CHP's main practice area is health care services and management & guidance, whereas the development of health information system is neglected. 2. As a result, CHP plays a role mainly as a health care supplier, a consultant and a health instructor. Therefore CHP's roles to be reinforced are management of the community health system, act as a spokesman and a team member, promotion, assessment, collection & maintenance of information, coordination and research. 3. The areas to be reinforced in CHP's continuing education are (]) aged people's health, (2)?drinking & smoking, (3)?young people's health(including drug and sexualissues), (4) rehabilitation, (5)?administration and management for community health, (6)?partnership & membership, (7) local residents' participation and community development, (8) collection & treatment of health information and (9) environmental issues for community health. 4. The priority in developing continuing education package should be given to the area, which is encountered often in rural area but important, and has a good opportunity to be resolved. The health management of aged people was selected as a top priority by members of the Community Nursing Academic Society. 5. It is recommended that the instruction materials be accommodated to the small scale workshop or seminar in order that CHPs can participate actively in the continuing education program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2008

Purpose: The Study of vaccination for infants and children business in Primary Health Care Posts from 1980 to 2009. Method: look for national essential vaccination look for the change of vaccination by the times in Primary Health Care Posts and the rate of vaccination for infants and children by a administrative report statistics survey of a vaccine delivery system of Public health care institutions investigation about assistance details of vaccination cost in order to raise the rate of vaccination for infants and children. Results: In 1980s, there are many infants and children management object, but now there are rapidly decreasing infants and children management subject of a Primary Health Care Post because of rural exodus phenomenon of 1990's and a low birthrate of 2000's. Currently, the infants and children that registed, and managed to a Primary Health Care Post is most multi-cultural families. A multi-cultural family assistance program is provided these infants and children to the objects. Conclusions: Infant vaccination execution in Primary Health Care Posts showed to high vaccination rate because the prevention of vaccination delay or omission of the interior child who raised geographical accessibility to object sons nowadays it difficult to management of transportation of vaccine and storage management for a little shroud objects limited and management of inoculation business in quality. A main problem is as follows. There are a little vaccine transportation, trouble of proper temperature maintenance of a storage process, and having a lot of vaccine abolition as a little objects, educational training shortage of health care practitioner regarding to execute an inoculation. Therefore, vaccination business needs measures for management in quality in Primary Health Care Posts.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-42
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• 2018

This study examines the variation in diagrams of the kidney, and the effects on location of the Life Gate as a result. My study analyzes diagrams of kidney form and location, such as appearance, the vertebral spine, ShenXi, and "Life Gate", and also explores the causes for such variations. The kidney is commonly described as having the shape of a bean, which throughout medical history has showed almost no variation. The spine was initially described with a total of 21 vertebrae, and later with a range of 19-25 vertebrae. Regarding the height of kidney in relationship to the spine, it was initially described as beginning at the 14th vertebrae, and later changed to the 15th or 17th vertebrae. However, there have been no changes in the perception of the height of kidney. Initially, the location of the Life Gate could not be identified. Three different suggestions of its location were found throughout historical literature, including: (1) at or within the right kidney; (2) between two kidneys; and (3) between 14th-15th spine. There were also variations noted in the process of copying diagrams of kidney in many books not only because the work of copying was not precise, but also because each medical practitioner had a different interpretation of the kidney's form and function in Traditional Korean and Chinese Medicine. It appears that some practitioners may have been influenced by their understandings of theory of Life Gate.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19-49
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• 2011

The multifarious array of benefits to the e-Government systems research, from evaluative frameworks and conceptual models to guidelines for initiatives, adoption, and assimilation, evidences the requirement, both from the researcher's and the practitioner's standpoint, of sound theoretical foundations that can be applied directly in practice. Grounded upon structuration theory, this paper proposes a framework for e-Government systems assimilation through the structuration of its organizational factors. Upon this proposition, we map the factors of e-Government systems assimilation with the organizational meta-structures of signification, domination and legitimization. The framework is then tested for the case of one particular e-Government systems of Korean government. The juxtaposition of the theoretical position and the practical findings leads us to isolate the organizational, technological, and inter-organizational factors that shape the meta-structures for the assimilation of e-Government systems. This framework offers interesting possibilities to researchers in exploring the relationships and insights into the complex interactions that shape the relationships among government, people and technology. Thus, the paper's contribution lies on three axes: first, the furthering of a theoretical perspective of e-Government systems assimilation; second, a detailed exposition of the structuration theory and an illustration of its application to the issues of e-Government systems assimilation in the organizational context; and finally, developed framework through the isolation of a usable set of theoretically grounded factors affecting e-Government systems assimilation that can be applied in future research and practice.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2012

Objectives : The Purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical application of Ligamentous Articular Strain technique to three patients with chronic ankle pain. Methods : To alleviate patients' pain, practitioner used acupuncture, Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture and Ligamentous Articular Strain technique(mainly Ligamentous Articular Strain technique). The state of patients was measured by VAS(Visual Analogue Scale) score. Results : After treatments, patients' condition was improved. VAS score was decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that Ligamentous Articular Strain technique is effective to improve chronic ankle pain.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2016

Objectives: This study surveyed doctors of Korean medicine on how they treat hypertension in their Korean clinical practices. Methods: An invitation to take an Internet-based questionnaire was sent to doctors who were registered in the Association of Korean Medicine in September 2016. Participants were first asked general profile questions, which included age, gender, work experience as a practitioner, and specialties. Second, they were asked whether they had experience with hypertension treatment and additional questions related to hypertension. Results: A total of 991 replies were received to the questionnaire. Most of the Korean medical doctors (95%) had blood pressure units and had monitored blood pressure. A majority of the Korean medicine doctors (55%) had provided hypertension treatment. Acupuncture and herbal medicine were commonly used for the treatment of hypertensive patients. In addition, bloodletting, moxibustion, pharmacopuncture, cupping, Chuna, Qigong exercise, meditation, and Tai Chi were used. Many doctors also recommended lifestyle modification. The respondents said that Korean medicine improves general health conditions (42.6%) and has low adverse effects (29.9%). One of the most common opinions about the revitalization measures of Korean medicine was expanding health insurance benefits (20.8%). Conclusions: Through this survey, we found out information about the present situation of hypertension treatment in Korean medicine. In the future, it is possible that hypertension treatment using Korean medicine will be demanded and used by practitioners if it is covered by public health insurance.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the relationships between bone mineral density(BMD), anthropometric measurements, and maternal factors in postmenopausal women. The anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner, and the maternal factors of the 85 subjects in Chungnam were acquired by an interview questionaire. The BMDs of the lumbar $spines(L_2-L_4)$, femoral necks(FN), ward's triangles(WT), and trochanters(TR) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The BMDs(T-score) for $L_2-L_4$, FN, and WT were 0.996 $g/cm^2$(-1.601), 0.697 $g/cm^2(-1.657)$, and 0.793 $g/cm^2(-1.512)$ respectively, which were assessed as osteopenia by the T-score ; TR was noma1 at 0.718 $g/cm^2(-0.675)$. The 85 subjects in Chungnam were divided into three groups according to their BMD measurements for $L_2-L_4$ and FN, assessed by the T-score. The percentages in the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups were 32.9%, 42.4, and 24.7%, respectively. The average age was significantly the highest in the osteoporosis group than in the other two osteopenia and normal group(p<0.001). The subjects' BMDs were positively correlated with weight, height, BMI, waist, WHR, OBR and hip circumference, and negatively correlated with the age, duration time after menopause, lactation, the age of last delivery, menarche age, and number of children. The average age at menopause was 48.8. The osteoporosis group's average age at menopause was lower than those of the other groups. However, the BMD of the lumbar spine positively correlated with duration time after menopause and the BMD of the femoral neck with lactation, last delivery, menarch age, number of children. Therefore, researches are needed to find out the effective way to minimize the effect of age and other physiological conditions on the decrease of bone mass density.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.343-352
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• 2000

한국의 농촌 보건의료 문제를 해결 하기위하여 일차보건의료가 도입되었으며 일차보건의료에서 핵심적인 역할을 수행하고 있는 보건진료원의 활동을 분석하였다. 분석 목적은 보건진료원의 일반현황과 보건진료원 활동에 대한 구체적인 분석을 통하여 활동개선 방안을 제시하는데있다. 분석방법은 사회조사 방법을 적용하였으며 조사는 1998년 7월과 11월기간에 구조화된 설문지를 보건진료원 전원에게 송부하여 스스로 작성하게 하였다. 1880명의 보건진료원을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하였으며, 1663명의 응답자가 작성한 설문지가 최종분석되었으므로 분석율은 88.5%였다. 분석결과 보건진료원의 일반현황으로 광역사의 보건진료원 평균 연령은 39.7세이며 시지역 보건진료원의 연령이 군지역보다 높았으며 통계적으로도 유의한 차이가 있었다. 총근무기간도 시지역의 보건진료원의 12.4년-13.6년으로 농촌지역보다 걸었으며 통계적으로도 유의한 차이가 있었다. 보건진료원의 평균 관할 인구수는 901명이었다. 보건진료소 관할지역의 노인인구 및 만성질환자의 분포가 매우 높았다. 보건진료소로부터 민간의료기관이 위치한 거리는 시지역 (7.1-11.3km) 보다 농촌지역이 12.1km로서 지리적 접근성이 시지역보다 낫은 것으로 나타났다. 활동건수분석결과 월평균 가정방문수는 평균 47.8건, 일평균 내소자수는 14.1건 및 일평균 전화상담은 5.2건으로 나타났다. 연령별 활동수준은 40세이상이 4세 이하보다 월평균 가정방문수와 일평균 내소자수가 많았으며 통계적요로도 유의한 차이가 있었다. 경력이 많을수록 일평균가정 방문수 및 전화상담 건수가 많았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 근무조건에 대한 만족도는 80%정도로 높았다. 연구결과 보건진료원의 활동지역내 노인인구 및 만성질환자의 비율이 높고 민간의료기관의 지리적 접근성도 낮고, 관할인구규모가 적어서 인구규모를 늘리고 노인 및 만성질환자 건강관리 프로그램의 개발이 더욱 요구되며 농촌지역주민의 건강관리자로서 보건진료원의 활동을 강화할 필요가 있다.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.153-170
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• 2009

Zoltan, P. Dienes is a famous researcher and practitioner who has tried to teach mathematical structures to children for about 50 years. Even though his ideas of teaching mathematics and materials including MAB have been well known in Korea, they are only a part of his achievement he has developed for his whole life. So this article is designed for taking an overview of his whole life and achievement and getting some implications for today's mathematics education. In this article, his life story could be divided by five periods in terms of a scholastic career and his research achievement could be reorganized with respect to five theses: psychology of learning mathematics, mathematical curriculum, teacher education, games and material for mathematical learning. As a result, it is found that there is a deep connection between his personal life and his scholastic career.