• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.47-62
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• 2020

In this study, free vibration behavior of trapezoidal sandwich plates with porous core and two graphene platelets (GPLs) reinforced nanocomposite outer layers are presented. The distribution of pores and GPLs are supposed to be functionally graded (FG) along the thickness of core and nanocomposite layers, respectively. The effective Young's modulus of the GPL-reinforced (GPLR) nanocomposite layers is determined using the modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model, while the Poisson's ratio and density are computed by the rule of mixtures. The FSDT plate theory is utilized to establish governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions (B.C.s) for trapezoidal plate. The governing equations together with related B.C.s are discretized using a mapping- generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method in the spatial domain. Then natural frequencies of the trapezoidal sandwich plates are obtained by GDQ method. Validity of current study is evaluated by comparing its numerical results with those available in the literature. A special attention is drawn to the role of GPLs weight fraction, GPLs patterns of two faces through the thickness, porosity coefficient and distribution of porosity on natural frequencies characteristics. New results show the importance of this permeates on vibrational characteristics of porous/GPLR nanocomposite plates. Finally, the influences of B.C.s and dimension as well as the plate geometry such as face to core thickness ratio on the vibration behaviors of the trapezoidal plates are discussed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2021

This work addresses the free vibration analysis of Functionally Graded Porous (FGP) nanocomposite truncated conical shells with Graphene PLatelet (GPL) reinforcement. In this study, three different distributions for porosity and three different dispersions for graphene platelets have been considered in the direction of the shell thickness. The Halpin-Tsai equations are used to find the effective material properties of the graphene platelet reinforced materials. The equations of motion are derived based on the higher-order shear deformation theory and Sanders's theory. The Fourier Differential Quadrature (FDQ) technique is implemented to solve the governing equations of the problem and to obtain the natural frequencies of the truncated conical shell. The combination of FDQ with higher-order shear deformation theory allows a very accurate prediction of the natural frequencies. The precision and reliability of the proposed method are verified by the results of literature. Moreover, a wide parametric study concerning the effect of some influential parameters, such as the geometrical parameters, porosity distribution, circumferential wave numbers, GPLs dispersion as well as boundary restraint conditions on free vibration response of FGP-GPL truncated conical shell is also carried out and investigated in detail.

• 멤브레인
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.239-252
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• 2016

최근 2차원 나노 물질을 응용하여 수처리 막의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는가에 대한 연구가 활발하다. 그 노력의 한 가운데에 원자 두께를 가지고 있으면서 손쉽게 구할 수 있고 층으로 쌓을 수도 있는 2차원 물질인 그래핀이 자리하고 있다. 이 총설에서 우리는 그래핀으로부터 만들 수 있는 두 가지 막 구조에 관한 기초 물질 전달 현상을 최근 연구 성과를 중심으로 다룬다. 그 물질 자체로 이미 물질 전달 차단성을 갖는 그래핀에 정확히 제어된 크기의 구멍을 뚫을 수 있다면 아마도 원자 크기 수준으로 얇은 두께 때문에 그래핀 막은 같은 기공 크기의 어느 막보다도 빠른 궁극적 투과도를 나타낼 것이며, 이로부터 선택도를 담보할 수 있다면 다양한 막 분리 공정에 적용할 수 있을 것이다. 그 한 예로, 나노미터 이하의 기공을 가정한 초박막 침투성 그래핀 막에 대한 분자동역학 연구와 몇몇 초기 실험 결과들이 해수담수화 막으로서의 가능성을 보인 점은 주목할 만하다. 그래핀 물질로부터 다른 구성을 가진 막을 설계할 수 있는데, 이 막은 적당히 산화된 그래핀 마이크로 판들을 무작위로 적층함으로써 구현할 수 있다. 그래핀 판 적층 간격을 나노미터 이하로 쉽게 제어할 수 있기 때문에 이 구조 역시 수처리 및 해수담수화 막으로서의 가능성을 시사한다. 기존 막기술에 존재하지 않던 구조와 물질 전달 성질을 가짐으로써 두 종류의 그래핀 막은 앞으로 수처리 기술을 비롯한 다양한 막 기술의 응용분야에서 효과적으로 기여할 가능성이 충분하다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

Core-shell structured $Fe_3O_4/graphene$ composites were synthesized by aerosol spray drying process from a colloidal mixture of graphene oxides and $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles. The structural and electrochemical performance of $Fe_3O_4/graphene$ were characterized by the field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanometric discharge-charge method. Core-shell structured $Fe_3O_4/GR$ composites were synthesized in different mass ratios of $Fe_3O_4$ and graphene oxide. The composite particles were around $3{\mu}m$ in size. $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles were encapsulated with a graphene. Morphology of the $Fe_3O_4/graphene$ composite particles changed from a spherical ball having a relatively smooth surface to a porous crumpled paper ball as the content of GO increased in the composites. The $Fe_3O_4/GR$ composite fabricated at the weight ratio of 1:4 ($Fe_3O_4:GO$) exhibited higher specific capacitance($203F\;g^{-1}$) and electrical conductivity than as-fabricated $Fe_3O_4/GR$ composite.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.485.1-485.1
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• 2014

In this research, we report the synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous graphene aerogels (hpGAs) for application to electrochemical energy storage. For electrochemical systems, the specific capacitance is a key parameter to evaluate the characteristics of electrode materials. By taking full advantage of large surface area, 3D hpGAs would achieve the larger specific capacitance over rGO film and GAs. Microscopic structures and topologies of hpGAs were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical compositions of rGO film, GAs, and hpGAs. Raman spectra were recorded from 100 to 2500 cm-1 at room temperature using a Raman spectroscopy equipped with a ${\times}100$ objective was used. The specific area and pore distribution of GAs and hpGAs were obtained using a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller apparatus.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제68권
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• pp.257-266
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• 2018

Here, a controlled green synthesis route involving hydrothermal pre-carbonization cum pyrolysis is reported that converts cucumber into graphene-like carbon nanosheets for supercapacitor application. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the formation of ultra-thin carbon nanosheets with distributed pores. This cucumber derived carbon exhibits high specific capacitance of $143F\;g^{-1}$ in aqueous electrolyte. The two-electrode symmetric cell exhibits a specific capacitance of $58F\;g^{-1}$ at high current density, and high capacitance retention of 97% after 1000 cycles. This simple low-cost process involving widely available cucumber as biomass precursor is a promising, commercially viable approach for developing high-performance supercapacitors.

• Carbon letters
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• 제18권
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• pp.24-29
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• 2016

High pollutant-loading capacities (up to 319 times its own weight) are achieved by three-dimensional (3D) macroporous, slightly reduced graphene oxide (srGO) sorbents, which are prepared through ice-templating and consecutive thermal reduction. The reduction of the srGO is readily controlled by heating time under a mild condition (at 1 10⁻² Torr and 200℃). The saturated sorption capacity of the hydrophilic srGO sorbent (thermally reduced for 1 h) could not be improved further even though the samples were reduced for 10 h to achieve the hydrophobic surface. The large meso- and macroporosity of the srGO sorbent, which is achieved by removing the residual water and the hydroxyl groups, is crucial for achieving the enhanced capacity. In particular, a systematic study on absorption parameters indicates that the open porosity of the 3D srGO sorbents significantly contributes to the physical loading of oils and organic solvents on the hydrophilic surface. Therefore, this study provides insight into the absorption behavior of highly macroporous graphene-based macrostructures and hence paves the way to development of promising next-generation sorbents for removal of oils and organic solvent pollutants.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.627-634
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• 2023

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted considerable attention since its discovery for its catalysis of water splitting to hydrogen and oxygen under visible light irradiation. However, pristine g-C₃N₄ confers only low photocatalytic efficiency and requires surface cocatalysts to reach moderate activity due to a lack of accessible surface active sites. Inspired by the high specific surface area and superior electron transfer of graphene, we developed a strongly coupled binary structure of graphene and g-C₃N₄ aerogel with 3D porous skeleton. The as-prepared 3D structure photocatalysts achieve a high surface area that favors efficient photogenerated charge separation and transfer, enhances the light-harvesting efficiency, and significantly improves the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate as well. The photocatalyst performance is observed to be optimized at the ratio 3:7 (g-C₃N₄:GO), leading to photocatalytic H₂ evolution of 16125.1 mmol. g^-1. h^-1 under visible light irradiation, more than 161 times higher than the rate achieved by bulk g-C₃N₄.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2021

In this article, free vibration behavior of electro-magneto-thermo sandwich Timoshenko beam made of porous core and Graphene Platelet Reinforced Composite (GPLRC) in a thermal environment is investigated. The governing equations of motion are derived by using the modified strain gradient theory for micro structures and Hamilton's principle. The magneto electro are under linear function along the thickness that contains magnetic and electric constant potentials and a cosine function. The effects of material length scale parameters, temperature change, various distributions of porous, different distributions of graphene platelets and thickness ratio on the natural frequency of Timoshenko beam are analyzed. The results show that an increase in aspect ratio, the temperature change, and the thickness of GPL leads to reduce the natural frequency; while vice versa for porous coefficient, volume fractions and length of GPL. Moreover, the effect of different size-dependent theories such as CT, MCST and MSGT on the natural frequency is investigated. It reveals that MSGT and CT have most and lowest values of natural frequency, respectively, because MSGT leads to increase the stiffness of micro Timoshenko sandwich beam by considering three material length scale parameters. It is seen that by increasing porosity coefficient, the natural frequency increases because both stiffness and mass matrices decreases, but the effect of reduction of mass matrix is more than stiffness matrix. Considering the piezo magneto-electric layers lead to enhance the stiffness of a micro beam, thus the natural frequency increases. It can be seen that with increasing of the value of WGPL, the stiffness of microbeam increases. As a result, the value of natural frequency enhances. It is shown that in hc/h = 0.7, the natural frequency for WGPL = 0.05 is 8% and 14% less than its for WGPL = 0.06 and WGPL = 0.07, respectively. The results show that with an increment in the length and width of GPLs, the natural frequency increases because the stiffness of micro structures enhances and vice versa for thickness of GPLs. It can be seen that the natural frequency for aGPL = 25 ㎛ and hc/h = 0.6 is 0.3% and 1% more than the one for aGPL = 5 ㎛ and aGPL = 1 ㎛, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2023

In the present research, dynamic deflections of a sandwich beam having functionally graded (FG) porous core have been investigated assuming that the sandwich beam is exposed to a pulse load of blast type. The two layers of sandwich beam have been made of a polymeric matrix reinforced by graphene oxide powder (GOP). The micromechanical formulation of the layers has been done via Halpin-Tsai model. The solution method is chosen to be Ritz method which is an efficient method to solve the system of equations of beams modeled based on a higher-order theory. To derive the time history of sandwich beam under pulse load, Laplace method has been used. The porosity content of the core, the GOP content of the layers, thickness of the layer and also duration of the applied load have great influences of the responses of sandwich beam.