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Characterization of Nutritional Value for Twenty-one Pork Muscles

  • Kim, J.H.;Seong, P.N.;Cho, S.H.;Park, B.Y.;Hah, K.H.;Yu, L. H.;Lim, D.G.;Hwang, I.H.;Kim, D.H.;Lee, J.M.;Ahn, C.N.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.138-143
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    • 2008
  • A study was conducted to evaluate nutritional value for twenty-one pork muscles. Ten market-weight crossbred pigs (five gilts and five barrows) were used for evaluating proximate chemical composition, cholesterol, total iron, calorie and fatty acid contents. As preliminary analysis revealed no noticeable sex effect, pooled data from both sexes were used for the final analysis. M. rectus femoris had the highest moisture content, while m. latissimus dorsi was lowest in moisture content (p<0.05). Protein content was highest for m. longissimus dorsi and lowest for m. supraspinatus (p<0.05). The tensor fasciae and latissimus dorsi muscles contained the highest intramuscular fat (p<0.05), while rectus femoris, adductor and vastus lateralis were lowest in intramuscular fat content. When simple correlations between chemical values were computed for the pooled dataset from all muscles, intramuscular fat had significant (p<0.05) negative linear relationships with moisture (r = -0.85) and protein (r = -0.51) contents. Calorie levels were not significantly affected by fat content, while rectus femoris and latissimus dorsi muscles showed lowest and highest calorie contents, respectively (p<0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest (p<0.05) for both m. adductor and m. rectus femoris, while it was lowest for m. longissimus dorsi. Collectively, the current study identified a large amount of variation in nutritional characteristics between pork muscles, and the data can be used for the development of muscle-specific strategies to improve eating quality of meats and meat products.

Comparative Evaluation of Korean Medicine Well-matched with Pork through an Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase (저육(猪肉)과 잘 어울리는 췌장라이페이즈 억제능을 가진 한약재의 비교평가)

  • Shin, Mi-Rae;Kim, SooHyun;Lee, AhReum;Kim, KyeongJo;Kim, SuJi;Lee, Young Cheol;Roh, Seong-Soo
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.57-63
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    • 2017
  • Objectives : The aim of this study is to search Korean Medicine with the superior inhibitory effect of pancreatic lipase including a possibility as a well-matched sauce material with pork. Methods : We chose 5 samples which have the potent inhibitory effect of pancreatic lipase enzyme among 9 samples. 5 samples were Glycyrrhizae rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Ganoderma lucidum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Schisandra chinensis. Animals were divided into eight groups (n=7). The experimental groups except for normal group were fed 60% high-fat diet. 5 samples were orally administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and orlistat were orally administrated at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight for 7 days. Biochemical anaylses of 5 samples were executed based on lipid parameters such as triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Results : Korean Medicines with $IC_{50}$ of below $1mg/m{\ell}$ were Glycyrrhizae rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Ganoderma lucidum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Schisandra chinensis. Body weight change of all drug-treated groups except Glycyrrhizae rhizoma reduced significantly during the experimental period. Orlistat treatment reduced significantly both TG and TC in serum. The significant emission of TG in fece showed in Cinnamomi cortex treatment, whereas Ganoderma lucidum and Syzygium aromaticum showed a tendency to increase without a significance. Besides, Ganoderma lucidum and Schisandra chinensis emitted significantly TC to fece. Conclusions : In conclusion, Cinnamomi cortex may exert anti-obesity effect by directly inhibiting pancreatic lipase, which would prevent the absorption of lipid from the small intestine. Accordingly, Cinnamomi cortex may suggest a high possibility as a well-matched sauce material with pork.

Effect of Feeding Probiotics on Physico-chemical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Pork (생균제의 급여가 돈육의 이화학적 성상 및 관능에 미치는 영향)

  • Hah, Kyoung-Hee;Lee, Chang-Woo;Jin, Sang-Keun;Kim, Il-Suk;Song, Young-Min;Hur, Sun-Jin;Kim, Hoi-Yun;Lyou, Hyun-Ji;Ha, Ji-Hee
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.295-303
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    • 2005
  • A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effect of feeding probiotics on physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation of pork loin. About 50kg pigs were randomly alloted into one of six experimental diet groups (C1:commercial diet feed the gilt; C2:commercial diet feed the barrow; T1:$0.5\%$ YC2000 feed the gilt T2:$0.5\%$ YC2000 feed the barrow; T3:$0.1\%$ YC2000 + $0.3\%$ KBC1121 feed the gilt; T4:$0.1\%$ YC2000 + $0.3\%$ KBC1121 feed the barrow). Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg live weight. Crude fat and crude ash were not difference among the treatments. However, water content was higher in T1 and T2 compared to other treatment and the protein level of T3 was higher than those of other treatments. All of dietary probiotic groups showed higher pH compared to control. Especially, pH of T1 and T2 were higher among the dietary probiotic groups. Cholesterol level of dietary probiotic groups were lower compared to control. In meat color, $a^{*}$ was higher in T1 and $b^{*}$ was lower in T2 compared to other treatments. In sensory evaluation of cooked meat, aroma, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall palatability were higher in control, whereas T3 and T4 showed higher score in tenderness, juiciness and overall palatability. T3 had higher myristic acid. palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, whereas arachidonic acid was lower in T3. In conclusion, dietary probiotic groups were much better than other treatments in cholesterol, color, tenderness and juiciness. But drip loss of dietary probiotic groups showed higher due to lower pH compared to control.

The effects of elimination diet on nutritional status in subjects with atopic dermatitis

  • Kim, Jungyun;Kwon, Jaryoung;Noh, Geunwoong;Lee, Sang Sun
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.7 no.6
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    • pp.488-494
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    • 2013
  • A food allergy is an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly upon exposure to a given food. In those with food allergies that are thought to cause aggravation of eczema, food avoidance is important. The objective of this study was to research the nutritional status of patients with food allergies. A total of 225 subjects diagnosed with atopic dermatitis underwent a skin prick test as well as measurement of serum immunoglobulin E. Food challenge tests were conducted using seven food items: milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, beef, pork, and chicken. At post-food challenge visits to the test clinic, participants completed a three-day dietary record, which included two week days and one weekend day, in order to evaluate energy intake and diet quality during the challenge. We analyzed nutrient intake based on differential food allergens. Subjects with a food allergy to milk showed lower intake of Ca, Zn, and vitamin B2, and subjects with a food allergy to egg showed lower intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, niacin, and cholesterol. Subjects with a food allergy to wheat and soybean showed lower intake of Ca, P, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and niacin; and subjects with a food allergy to beef, pork, and chicken showed lower intake of Fe and higher intake of K, vitamin A, B2. Subjects with atopic dermatitis were lacking in several nutrients, including vitamin A and vitamin C. A greater number of food allergies showed an association with a greater number of nutrient intake deficiencies. Allergen avoidance is the basic treatment for atopic dermatitis. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. Findings of this study suggest the necessity for enhanced nutritional education in order to provide substitute foods for patients with food allergies who practice food restriction.

Residual Level, Histology, and Blood Biochemistry of Tebuconazole: A Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Pigs

  • Jeong, Jin Young;Kim, Minji;Park, Seol Hwa;Kim, Byeonghyeon;Oh, Sang-Ik;Kim, Eunju;Jung, Hyunjung
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.712-722
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    • 2022
  • In this study, we investigated the residual properties of tebuconazole-treated pigs. Twenty pigs were treated with different concentrations (0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg bw/d) of tebuconazole for 28 d. Blood biochemistry, histology, and residual levels were analyzed using the VetTest analyzer, Masson's trichrome staining kit, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The final body weights were not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were significantly different from those of the control after exposure for 14 d. However, alanine aminotransferase levels showed changes only after exposure to pesticides for 28 d. The biochemical parameters were separated during the experimental period (14 d versus 28 d) by principal component analysis. Based on variable importance plots, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase are candidate biomarkers for tebuconazole exposure. The residual levels were observed at T4 (12.5 mg/kg bw/d) and T5 (25 mg/kg bw/d) in the liver and fat tissues, respectively. Fibrosis increased in the liver, kidney, and fat tissues, depending on the tebuconazole concentration. In conclusion, the residue limits of tebuconazole and the physiological changes caused by dietary tebuconazole in pigs provide important information for establishing maximum residue limits of pork and pork products.

Proximate Composition and Physico-chemical Characteristics of Berkshire Pork by Gender (성별에 따른 버크셔 돈육의 일반성분 및 이화학적 특성)

  • Hah, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Il-Suk;Jin, Sang-Keun;Nam, Young-Wook;Cho, Ju-Hyun
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.137-141
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and physico-chemical characteristics of Berkshire pork by gender. A total of 40 pigs(60 kg) were divided into 2 groups(gilt and barrow) and raised to 110 kg of live weight. pigs were conventionally slaughtered, and then chilled overnight. Pork loin(longissimus dorsi) muscle was removed from each left side and meat qualities were evaluated. The proximate composition was no different between genders, and the pH was higher iii the barrow group(p<0.05). The water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, and cholesterol content were no different between genders. With regard to meat color, the $L^*$ value was higher in the barrow group(p<0.05), but the $a^*\;and\;b^*$ values were no different between genders. The fat color was also no different between genders. The texture properties, brittleness, hardness, and gumminess of the gilt group were higher than those of barrow group(p<0.05), but cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness were no different. In conclusion, the pH and $L^*$ values of the barrow group were higher than those of gilt group, and tenderness was higher in the barrow group.

Feeding Effect of Citrus Byproduct on the Quality of Cross-bred Black Pig in Jeju Island (육성기 및 비육기에 급여한 감귤 부산물이 제주도 개량 흑돼지 고기의 품질특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Yang, Seung-Joo;Koh, Seok-Min;Yang, Tae-Ik;Jung, In-Chul;Moon, Yoon-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.35 no.7
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    • pp.897-902
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out to investigate the possibility for utilization of waste materials and the characteristics of pork by feeding citrus byproducts. The groups consisted of the pork without citrus byproduct (TB-0) and the pork fed with 6% and 10% citrus byproduct during growing and fattening period (TB-1). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, vitamin $B_1$ and $B_2$, total amino acids, and caloric were not significantly different between TB-0 and TB-1 (p>0.05). The contents of cholesterol and the magnesium of TB-1 were lower than those of TB-0. Palmitic acid was the most abundant among saturated fatty acids while oleic acid was the most abundant among unsaturated fatty acids in both groups. In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat and taste, texture, juiciness and palatability of boiled meat were not influenced by feeding of citrus byproduct. But the flavor preference of boiled meat of TB-1 was higher than that of TB-0.

Effect of Fermented Rubus Occidentalis Supplementation on Nutrient Transfer Factor and Antioxidant Activity in Blood of Berkshire Pig (복분자 발효사료가 버크셔 돼지의 혈액 내 영양운반인자와 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ji-Yeon;Choi, Do-Hyun;An, Jin-Ho;Park, Hwa-Chun;Kong, Hyun-Seok
    • Journal of agriculture & life science
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    • v.53 no.5
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    • pp.127-136
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    • 2019
  • Today, as the specification of pigs increases, it is important to develop eco-friendly livestock feeds that do not add antibiotics to highly utilizable materials as feed resources, and to produce functional eco-friendly pork and processed products. The purpose of this study was to establish Rubus occidentalis (RO) byproducts containing various amounts of physiologically active substances such as anticancer, anti - inflammation and antioxidant as a raw material for pig feed. The multifaceted efficacy of the RO fermented fodder (ROFF) was confirmed by the nutrient transport factors and antioxidant activity of Berkshire pigs. ROFF was added 0.3% to the general diet and the efficacy was confirmed by feeding diets to Berkshire pigs according to each weight for 43~73 days. As a result, the total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were decreased or were increased in the castrated male and female Berkshire pigs but not significantly. It was confirmed that the tendency was improved in nutrition physiology. The biochemical levels of female finishing pigs were not significant but increased. In the case of finishing pigs with possibility of pregnancy, it is expected that the nutrition supply for piglet production and will help in the production of the healthy piglet. Transferrin (TFE) levels tended to increase in female growing pig and 110-150 kg finishing pigs. Thus ROFF could minimize the negative effects of iron contents deficiency in female Berkshire pigs. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) activity was increased in castrated male and female 110-150 kg finishing pigs. Therefore, ROFF tends to improve the antioxidant capacity. The results of this study suggest that ROFF is one of the most favorable dietary sources when considering the contents of RO in feed. In particular, ROFF could have a positive effect on nutrient transport and iron content of female rather than castrated male Berkshire pigs.

Effect of Oral Administration of Egg Yolk on Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats (난황 경구투여가 랫드의 콜레스테롤 대사에 미치는 영향)

  • Bang, Han-Tae;Hwangbo, Jong;Park, Sang-Oh;Park, Byung-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.255-264
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    • 2014
  • This study was performed to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of metabolism on reducing blood lipid, by oral administration of egg yolk in rats. A total of 36 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomized into four treatment groups, according to a randomized block design. Each group was further divided into three repeat cages, with each repeat cage comprising of 3 rats. The animals were orally administered with egg yolk once a day, while feeding the same purified pellet diet for 6 weeks. The four treatment groups were: C(control, saline 1.0 g), T1(pork belly oil 1.0 g), T2(egg yolk 1.0 g), T3(pork belly oil 1.0 g and egg yolk 1.0 g alternating every week). The measured parameters in each group are listed as follows in the order of highest to the lowest: daily average gain of body weight(T1>T3>T2>C); blood triglyceride and total cholesterol(T1>C>T3>T2) HDL-C (T2>C>T3>T1); and LDL-C (T1>T3>C>T2). AST and ALT, which are the index of liver function, were the highest in T1 but was lowest in T2. The weights of the liver, spleen, and kidney, except for the abdominal fat, showed no significant difference. The weight of abdominal fat was the highest in T1, but there were no significant difference among C, T2, and T3. The HMG-CoA reductase activity was the highest in T1 followed by T3, C but T2 was lowest. The daily fecal excretions of the total sterol, neutral sterol and acid sterol was highest in T2 but lowest in T1. The results of this study show that the egg consumption reduces the blood lipid through facilitation of fecal excretions of sterols and inhibition of enzyme activity in cholesterol biosynthesis, in the liver of animal and human.

A Study on the Cooking in 'The Kosa-sibi Jip' (2) ("고사십이집(攷事十二集)"의 조리가공에 관한 분석적 연구(2))

  • 김성미
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 1994
  • In this paper, twenty-five kinds of food presented in Sooljip(戌集) 5 and 6 of Food collections of 'Kosa-sibi Jip(攷事十二集)' have been classified into four : Staple food, subsidiary food, Tuck(rice cake) and Han-gwa(Korean confectionery), and Tang-jng and tea. Cooking processes have been examined and scientifically analyzed in terms of cooking, Fourteen kinds of Jook (thick gruel with cereal) as well as Urak-Jook were presented among the methods of making Jook, one of staple foods. Milk and ground rice were boiled together into Urak-Jook, which was nutritious because of carbohydrate, added to milk. Hong-sa Myun was mode of ground shrimps, ground bean, ground rice and flour which were kneaded together. It was a nutritiously balanced food. Nineteen kinds of Kimchi presented in this book were classified by the recipes. The five of Jook-soon Ja, U-so Ja, Tam-bok Ja and Jo-gang were made by adding red malt and cereals(boiled rice or candies). Jo-gang, Jo-ga and Jo-gwa-chae were made by adding salt and rice wine. With salt and fermenters added, eight were made. Chim-jup-jeo-ga was made by adding Jang(soy-bean sauce) and the inner chaff of wheat instead of salt. The four of Ka-za-san, Hwang-gwa-san, Tong-gwa-san and Jo-gang were made by adding salt and vinegar. Jo-gang was made by adding salt, rice wine, residue of rice wine and candies. The four of Kae-mal-ga, Ku-cho-chim-chae, Un-gu-hwa and Suk-hwa-chim-chim-chae were made by adding salt and spices. San-got-Kimchi was made without salt. San-got-Kimchi and Suk-hwa-chim-chae were made originally in Korea. Suk-hwa-chim-chae, in particular, was first classified as a kind of Kimchi in this book and oysters were added, which is notable. Pork could be preserved longer when smoked oven the weak fire of thatch ten days and nights. Dog meat was sauced and placed on the bones in a pot. A porcelain was put on the top of the pot. Flour paste sealed the gap between the porcelain and the pot. Some water was poured into the porcelain, and the meat was steamed, with two or three thatched sacks burned, which was a distilled dry steaming. This process has been in use up to now. Various cooking methods of chicken were presented from in Umsik-dimi-bang to in Chosun Musang Sinsik Yori Jebup. These methods were ever present regardless of ages. Such measuring units as Guin(斤) and Nyang(兩) were most frequently used in cooking processes of this book, except in case of Jang(soy bean sauce), vinegar and liquor. Twenty eight kinds of kitchenware and cookers were used, of which porcelains wee most used and pans and sieves followed. The scientific eight cooking methods were as follows. First, salt was refined through saturated solution. Next, it was recommended Hong-sa Myun containing shrimps should not be taken along with pork, which is thought to be a proper diet in terms of cholesterol contained by shrimps and pork. Third, meat was coated with thin gruel and quickly roasted and cleared of the dried gruel membrane, which prevented nutrients from exuding and helped to make the meat well-done. Fourth, The fruit of paper mulberry trees has the protease which can soften meat. Therefore when meat was boiled with th fruit of paper mulberry trees, it can be softened easily. Fifth, pork was smoked over the weak fire of thatch. Sixth, in cooking dog meat, distilled dry steaming raised the boiling point and made it possible to preserve meat longer. Seventh, in boiling the sole of a bear, lime was added, which made meat tender by making the pH lower or higher than that of raw meat. Finally, in boiling down rice gluten, a porcelain in the pot prevented boiling over the brim, which is applied to pots in which to boil medical herbs.

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