• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2018

In aqueous rechargeable lithium ion batteries, $LiV_3O_8$ exhibits obviously enhanced electrochemical performance after $AlF_3$ surface modification owing to improved surface stability to fragile aqueous electrolyte. The cycle life of $LiV_3O_8$ is significantly enhanced by the presence of an $AlF_3$ coating at an optimal content of 1 wt.%. The results of powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements confirm that the electrochemical improvement can be attributed mainly to the presence of $AlF_3$ on the surface of $LiV_3O_8$. Furthermore, the $AlF_3$ coating significantly reduces vanadium ion dissolution and surface failure by stabilizing the surface of the $LiV_3O_8$ in an aqueous electrolyte solution. The results suggest that the $AlF_3$ coating can prevent the formation of unfavorable side reaction components and facilitate lithium ion diffusion, leading to reduced surface resistance and improved surface stability compared to bare $LiV_3O_8$ and affording enhanced electrochemical performance in aqueous electrolyte solutions.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.312-316
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• 1999

The interfacial structure of duplex treated AISI 4140 consisting of iron nitride and TiN layer was characterized by optical microscope, SEM and XRD. A black layer was formed from the decomposition of iron nitride during Ti ion bombardment. The black layer was characterized as an a-Fe phase transformed from the iron nitride by XRD. In order to identify the formation mechanism of the black layer, a thermal analysis of iron nitride undertaken by DSC method. As an iron nitride was mostly consisted of ${\gamma}$'-Fe$_4$N and $\varepsilon$-$Fe_3$N phase after plasma nitriding, in this study, a ${\gamma}$'$-Fe_4$N and $\varepsilon$-$Fe_3$N powders were separately prepared by the different processing conditions of gas nitriding of iron powder in the fluidized bed. From the DSC thermal analysis, the phase transformation of ${\gamma}$'$-Fe_4$N, $\varepsilon$-$Fe_3$N was followed the path of transformation; $ \Upsilon{'}-Fe_4$Nlongrightarrow${\gamma}$-Felongrightarrowa-Fe and of $\varepsilon$-$Fe_3$Nlongrightarrow$\varepsilon$-$Fe_{2.5}$ /N+${\gamma}$'$-Fe_4$Nlongrightarrow${\gamma}$'-Fe$_4$Nlongrightarrow${\gamma}$longrightarrowFelongrightarrowalongrightarrowFe, respectively. It explains the reason why the $\varepsilon$ $-Fe_3$N phase disappeared in the first time and then ${\gamma}$'-Fe$_4$N in the formation of the black layer in the duplex coating.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.961-968
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• 2020

In this study, the effective thermal conductivity and elastic modulus of heat-resistant coating materials are analyzed by using micromechanical computational models. Three-dimensional computational models for HfC-coated carbon/carbon composites were created with Simpleware, and finite element analysis was performed. The porosity and thickness changes in the coating layer were taken into account to identify the tendency of effective material properties. In addition, the coupon specimen was produced to compare the thermal conductivity measured by experiments with the one obtained by finite element analysis according to temperature changes, and the analysis results were close to the measured values. This confirms that micromechanical computational analysis is appropriate in the calculation of effective material properties of coating composites.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.264-270
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• 2017

In this study, while the abrasive plates for diamond have been prepared through mechanical alloying and sintering of elemental powders, a fabrication route of plasma thermal coatings has been adopted for the first time. When diamond knife is sharped or polished, a metal plate has been applied, which is made of mechanical alloying and sintering. In this study, in order to develop a cost - effective manufacturing process, plasma coatings of FeCrNi and Ti on cast iron plate were applied together with Al intermediate layer coatings. The plasma coatings were successfully performed, and the optimum coating layer conditions were discussed in terms of micro-structural observations at the interfaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.230-230
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• 2013

In amorphous or microcrystalline thin-film silicon solar cells, p-i-n structure is used instead of p/n junction structure as in wafer-based Si solar cells. Hence, these p-i-n structured solar cells inevitably consist of many interfaces and the cell efficiency critically depends on the effective control of these interfaces. In this study, in-situ plasma treatment process of the interfaces was developed to improve the efficiency of a-Si:H solar cell. The p-i-n cell was deposited using a single-chamber VHF-PECVD system, which was driven by a pulsed-RF generator at 80 MHz. In order to solve the cross-contamination problem of p-i layer, high RF power was applied without supplying SiH4 gas after p-layer deposition, which effectively cleaned B contamination inside chamber wall from p-layer deposition. In addition to the p-i interface control, various interface control techniques such as thin layer of TiO2 deposition to prevent H2 plasma reduction of FTO layer, multiple applications of thin i-layer deposition and H2 plasma treatment, H2 plasma treatment of i-layer prior to n-layer deposition, etc. were developed. In order to reduce the reflection at the air-glass interface, anti-reflective SiO2 coating was also adopted. The initial solar cell efficiency over 11% could be achieved for test cell area of 0.2 $cm^2$.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2007-2013
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• 2017

In order to give hydrophobic surface properties on carbon steel, the fluorinated amorphous carbon films were prepared by using linear 2.45GHz microwave PECVD device. Two different process approaches have been tested. One is direct deposition of a-C:H:F films using admixture of $Ar/CH_4/CF_4$ working gases and the other is surface treatment using $CF_4$ plasma after deposition of a-C:H film with $Ar/CH_4$ binary gas system. $Ar/CF_4$ plasma treated surface with high $CF_4$ gas ratio shows best hydrophobicity and durability of hydrophobicity. Nanometer scale surface roughness seems one of the most important factors for hydrophobicity within our experimental conditions. The properties of a-C:H:F films and $CF_4$ plasma treated a-C:H films were investigated in terms of surface roughness, hardness, microstructure, chemical bonding, atomic bonding structure between carbon and fluorine, adhesion and water contact angle by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), nano-indentation, Raman analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2001

Nitride films such as TiN, CrN etc. deposited on glass by PVD processes have been developed for many industrial applications. These nitride films deposited on glass were widely used for not only decorative and optical coatings but also wear and corrosion resistance coatings employed as dies and molds made of glass for the example of lens forming molds. However, the major problem of nitride coatings on glass by PVD process is non-uniform film owing to pin-hole and micro crack. It is estimated that nonuniform coating is influenced by a different surface energy between metal nitrides and glass due to binding states. In this work, therefore, for the evaluation of nucleation and growth mechanism of nitride films on glass TiN and CrN film were synthesized on glass with various nitrogen partial pressure by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Prior to deposition, for the examination of relationship between surface energy and film microstructure plasma pre-treatment process was carried out with various argon to hydrogen flow rate and substrate bias voltage, duty cycle and frequency by using pulsed DC power supply. Surface energy owing to the different plasma pre-treatment was calculated by the measurement of wetting angle and surface conditions of glass were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) and Atomic Force Microscope(AFM). The microstructure change of nitride films on glass with increase of film thickness were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.6 s.289
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• pp.358-361
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• 2006

A two-step plasma-assisted boronizing process was carried out on the AISI 1045 steel substrate to reduce the pore density introduced by a conventional single plasma boronizing process. The specimens were plasma boronized for 1 h at $650^{\circ}C$ and subsequently far 7 h at $800^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of $BCl_3-H_2-Ar$. The boride layer thickness was parabolic in boronizing time, a high HV reading of 1540 was found up to the boride layer thickness of $25{\mu}m$. It was found that the morphology of the boride layer prepared by the two-step boronizing process was changed from a columnar to a tooth-like structure and the pores in the borided steel were eliminated completely in comparison to those synthesized by the conventional single boronizing process, implying that it is highly applicable for enhancing the dense and compact coating properties of the low-alloy steel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2017

전자제품의 성능이 향상됨에 따라서 전자제품에 사용되는 부품의 고집적화가 필연적으로 요구되고 있으며, 고집적화 된 전자제품의 방열(heat dissipation)에 관한 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 방열은 전자기기의 성능과 수명을 유지하는데 있어서 중요한 문제 중 하나로서 방열 효과를 높이기 위해 다양한 연구 개발이 진행 중이다. 방열에 사용되는 소재로는 Cu가 있으며, 저렴한 가격과 상대적으로 높은 방열 효율을 가지는 장점이 있다. Cu는 전기 도금 증착 방법을 사용하여왔으나, 전기도금 방식으로 증착된 Cu 방열판은 제품에 열이 축적될 경우 Cu와 substrate 사이의 residual stress로 인해 박리나 뒤틀림 현상 등이 발생하여 high power를 사용하는 device의 방열 소재로 사용하기에는 개선해야 할 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위한 방법으로 magnetron sputter 증착 방법이 있으며, magnetron sputter은 대면적화가 용이하고, 다양한 물질의 증착이 가능한 장점으로 인해 hard coating 또는 thin film 증착과 같은 공정에 사용되고 있다. 특히 증착된 film의 특성을 조절하기 위해서 magnetron sputter에 pulse 또는 ICP (inductively coupled plasma) assisted 등을 적용하여 plasma 특성을 조절하는 방법 등에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 pulsed magnetron sputtering 방식을 이용하여 증착된 Cu film 특성 변화를 확인하였다. 다양한 pulsing frequency와 pulsing duty ratio 조건에서, Si substrate 위에 증착된 Cu film과의 residual stress 변화를 측정하였다. Pulse duty ratio가 90% 에서 60%로 감소함에 따라서 Cu film의 residual stress가 감소하였고, pulsing frequency가 증가함에 따라 Cu film의 residual stress가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 증착 조건에 따른 plasma의 특성 분석을 위하여 oscilloscope를 이용하여 voltage와 current를 측정하였고, Plasma Sampling Mass spectrometer 를 이용하여 ion energy의 변화를 측정하였다. 이를 통해 plasma 특성 변화가 증착된 Cu film에 미치는 영향과 residual stress의 변화에 대한 연관성에 대하여 확인할 수 있었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 1995

Rectal absorption of opeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, from suppositories was studied in rabbits. The suppositories were prepared by the conventional melting method with two types of bases, water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and oil-soluble Witepsol H15 bases, and administered intractally (ir) to rabbits at a dose of 10 mg omeprazole/kg. The plasma omeprazole concentration-time profiles of the two suppositories were compared with those following intravenous 9iv) administration of the same dose. There were no significant differences between the two suppositories in bioabailabilities and peak plasma concentrations $(C_{max})$. Bioavaiabilities and $C_{max}$ of PEG- and Witpsol suppositories were 30.3 and 33.9%, and 7.0 and $5.6\mug/ml$, resepectively. However, PEG suppository showed significantly (p<0.05) shorter time to reach peak plasma concentration $(T_{max})$ mean absorption time (MAT) and mean residence time in the plasma (MRT) than Witepsol suppository. The $T_{max}$ MRT nad MAT were 25.0, 83.0 and 38.5 min for PEG syppository, but were 90.0, 122.5 and 78.0 min for Wiepsol supposiotory, respectively. These differences between thw two suppositories could be explanined by the difference in the in vitro dissolution rates between the suppositories. The dissolution of omeprazole form PEG suppository was reportedly much faster than that from Witepsol suppository. It suggests that plasma profiles of omeprazole, especially $C_{max}$ MAT and MRT, could be controlled by modifying the in vitro dissolution rate of the drug from the suppositories. Above results suggest that rectal suppository is worth developing as an alternative dosage form of omeprazole to the conventional oral preparations which need sophisticated treatments, such as enterix coating, to prevent acid degradation of the drug in the stomach fluid.