• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 1992

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the effect of methionine diets (MET) on the immunotoxicity of ethanol. ICR female mice were divided into 5 groups, Met (Basal (B)+0.19% methionine(M), B+1.71% M and B+5.13%W) and ethanol(4%) were administered ad libitum for 21 days. The mice were evaluated for changes in immune status as measured by antibody titer, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), rosette forming cell(RFC) and plaque forming cell (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). To investigate the change of the non-specific immune response, the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood and phagocyte activity were measured. The results were summarized as follows: (1) The weight ratios of spleen and thymus to body weight were significantly increased by the B+0.19% M, B+0.57% M and B+1.71% M groups in comparison with control group(B), but B+5.13% M group was significantly decreased. (2) Humoral immune responses were significantly increased by the B+0.19% M and B+0.57% M groups in comparison with control group, but B+5.13% M group was significantly decreased. (3) Cellular immune responses were significantly decreased by the B+1.71% M and B+5.13% M groups in comparison with control group. (4) Phagocyte activities were significantly increased by the B+0.19% M, B+0.57% M and B+1.71% M groups in comparison with control groups, but B+5.13% M group was significantly decreased. (5) The number of circulating leukocyte was significantly increased in the B+0.19% M and B+0.57% M groups in comparison with control group, but B+5.13% M group was significantly decreased.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 1992

Effects of Zinc chloride on the immune responses were studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into 5 groups(10 mice/group) and Zinc chloride at doses of 0.3, 1.2, 4.8 and 19.2 mg/kg were orally administered to ICR male mice once a day for three weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(S-RBC). The results of this study were summarized as follows; (1) Zinc chloride significantly increased the body weight rate, the weight ratios of spleen and thymus to body weight and the number of circulating leukocyte, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it, and increased dose-dependently the weight ratio of liver to body weight. (2) Zinc chloride significantly increased hemagglutination titer, Arthus reaction and plaque forming cell related to humoral immunity, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it. (3) Zinc chloride significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and rosette forming cell related to cellular immunity, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it. (4) Zinc choride significantly enhanced phagocytic activity, but significantly decreased according to the increase of its dose. These results suggest that high dose of zinc chloride decreased humoral, cellular and non-specific immune responses.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 1991

The effects of peritoneal exudate cells(PEC) and sera of athymic nude and DS mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae or sensitized by injection of metabolic products into footpad on transfer of immunity against the fluke to the syngeneic mice were studied. There was no significant difference in eggs per gram pattern between the sensitized and control groups, and between nude and DS mice. However, the worm burdens were slightly greater in nude mice than in DS mice. Also, a few plaque forming cells were found in only DS mice given PEC and serum from Group II DS mice. In the light of these results, it is likely that PEC and sera of nude or DS mice which are deficient, at least partially, in the cellular immune system are unable to transfer immunity against C. sinensis to syngeneic recipients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2004

Six strains of an obligate predatory bdellovibrio isolate that preys on Burkholderia glumae in rice paddy field water and rhizosphere soil, were identified and characterized. The numbers of Bdellovibrio cells varied from $3.2{\times}10^3$ to $9.2{\times}10^3$ plaque-forming unit/g after enrichment in cells of B. glumae. Prey range tests with six Bdellovibrio strains and 17 prey strains of rice-pathogenic, antibiosis-related, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria resulted in unique predation patterns in related prey cells. Strain BG282 had the widest prey range on 7 plant pathogenic bacteria among the 17 prey strains tested. However, no predation occurred with strains of Azospirillum brasilense, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and Serratia marcescens that are associated with antibiosis or nitrogen fixation in the rice ecosystem. Identification was confirmed by the presence of typical bdelloplast in the prey cells of B. glumae and by a PCR assay using B. bacteriovorus-specific primers. Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing of the six bdellovibrio strains showed a homology range of 97.2% to 99.2% to the type strain of B. bacteriovorus.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2008

Plants have long been used as a food source in Korea. In this study, we investigated the combined immunomodulative effects of a water extract mixture of(pine needles, Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, hijkiaorme, buckwheat and Peril a leaves) on Balb/c mice $7{\sim}8$ weeks old. The mice were fed a chow diet ad libitum and the plant extract was orally administered every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations(50 and 500 mg/kg BW). After preparing the single-cell suspension, splenocyte proliferation was determined by the MTT(3-[4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-y]-2,5-diphenyl terazolium bromide) assay. After 48hrs of incubation with the mitogens(ConA or LPS) splenocyte from the mice groups administered 50 and 500 mg/kg BW of the plant extract showed a significant increased in proliferation compared to the control group. A hemolytic plague forming cell assay was used to indicate antibody production against sheep red blood cells(SRBC). The number of antibody-secreting cells T-dependent antigen. The result of this study suggest that supplementation with this plant extract may regulate immune function by increasing splenocyte proliferation and the number of plaque forming cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.360-367
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• 1991

Effect of Mylabris sidae(MS) and Epicauta gorhami(EG) polysaccharide fractions on the inflammation and immune responses were studied in vivo. MS and EG contained cantharidin about 0.61 and 0.65%, respectively. It was shown that MS and EG polysaccharide fractions at a oral dose of 100 mg/kg have the significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity; They inhibited significantly the carrageenin-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome. They accelerated significantly the carbon clearance and the phagocytosis of colloidal carbons by Kupffer cells in liver, but they at a oral dose of 100 mg/kg suppressed significantly the Arthus reaction in the sheep red blood cell(S-RBC)-sensitized mice in accordance with the inhibition of haemaglutinin titer, haemolysin titer and plaque-forming cells. On the other hand, they at a oral dose of 200 mg/kg accelerated slightly the oxazolone-induced dermatitis in rats and delayed hypersensitivity in the S-RBC-challenzed mice in consistent with the increase of rosette forming cells. As the above results, it exhibited that MS and EG polysaccharide fractions inhibited the humoral immune responses, but they accelerated the function of macrophages and cellular immune responses. EG polysaccharide fraction had more active than MS polysaccharide fraction.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

Effects of Astragali radix extract (AG) on the humoral immunotoxic responses of zinc chloride (Zn) were studied in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice/group), and Zn was given to the mice, 1 hr after i.p. injection with 0.5 g/kg of AG, by i.p. injection daily for 10 days at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Zn treatment increased the relative weight of spleen compared with those in controls, but decreased the hemagglutination (HA) titer 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant HA (MER-HA) titer and splenic plaque forming cells (PFC). AG treatment significantly increased the relative weight of spleen, HA titer and PFC compared with those in controls. Combination of Zn and AG significantly increased the relative weight of spleen compared with those in controls, but decreased the HA titer, MER-HA titer and PFC. The relative weight of spleen was significantly increased in the Zn and AG combination group than those in Zn alone treatment group. But the HA titer, MER-HA titer and PFC were slightly increased in the group of combination. These results suggest that AG might slightly restore humoral immune responses lowered by an excess of zinc.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2000

Epoxidised soya bean oil (ESBO, 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg) was orally administered to BALB/c mice daily for 28 consecutive days, and the control mice were exposed to vehicle (corn oil). Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). In groups exposed to ESBO, the body weight gains and the relative lymphoid organ weights were not significantly changed as compared with control group. Secondary IgG antibody response to BSA was not significantly changed by ESBO, but plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to SRBC was significantly suppressed in mice treated with 4000 mg ESBO/kg/day. The mitogenic response of splenic B cells induced by LPS was not effected by ESBO in any of the groups. These results indicate that ESBO did not induce significant humoral immune response at a dose less than 2000 mg/kg/day in mice.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench(Sorghum, su-su) extracts on mouse immune cell activation. As ex vivo experiment, different concentrations(0, 50, 500mg/kg B.W.) of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench water extracts were orally administrated into mouse every other day for four weeks. The proliferation of mouse splenocytes, the number of plaque forming cells(PFC) and the cytokine IL-1β production by activated macrophage were used as indices for immunocompetence. Splenocyte proliferation was enhanced in mouse orally administrated with 50mg/kg B.W./day concentration compared to that of control group. Especially, the highest proliferation of spleoncyte was seen in the mouse orally administrated at the concentration of 50mg/kg B.W./day. The number of plaque forming cells(PFC) to SRBC were significantly enhanced when compared with control group. Also, the mouse of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench water extracts 50mg/kg B.W./day supplementation group with LPS stimulation enhanced level of IL-1$\beta$ cytokine production. This study suggest that supplementation of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench water extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation, increasing the number of PFC and enhancing the cytokine production by activated macrophage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.348-364
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• 1990

The activities of twenty-one flavonoids and their related compounds on the hypersensitivity reaction against various antigens were studied in vitro and in vivo. 1. Generally flavonoids inhibited significantly the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced by reaginic antibody as compared as anaphylaxis by compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation, and so more strongly active in the IgE-mediated anaphylaxis than non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. 2. Flavonids inhibited remarkably Arths reaction, hemolysin titer, delayed hypersensitivity, haemagglutinin titer, rosette forming cells and plague forming cells against sheep red blood cells, and so it exhibited that flavonoids inhibited type 2, 3 and 4 hypersensitivity. 3. Quercetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, disodium cromoglycate, malvin and baicalein were active dose-dependently in the all types of hypersensitivity. Fisetin, daidzein, morin, narigin, flavone, catechin, rutin, hesperidin, neophsperidin, apigenin and chrysin were significantly active in the various types of hypersensitivity, but apigenin, rutin and catechin were less active in the delayed hypersensitivity. Taxifolin was significantly active in PCA and histamine-induced anaphylaxis except other types of hypersensitivity. Rotenone and cyanin also inhibited all types of hypersensitivity, but they are toxic. 4. Based on these results from hypersensitivity, the following flavonoid structure-activity relationships became apparent. 1) Flavonoids with $C_{2-3}$ double bond in C-ring were more active than that of $C_{2-3}$ saturation. 2) Flavonoids with $C_4$ ketone group in C-ring were more active than abscence of them except catechin and malvin. 3) Flavonoids with benzene ring at positions 2 or 3 in C-ring exhibited same activities. 4) Flavonoids with opening of the C-ring does not abolish their activities. 5) The glycosylated flavonoids in position 3 or 7 was less active than their aglycone. 6) Flavonoids with the more hydroxy group in A and B-ring were more active. 7) Flavonoids with or without $C_3-OH$ did not change their activities.