• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1200-1206
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• 2009

In this study, a new method of dental plaque scoring is proposed by adopting new criteria to divide the tooth surface with utilizing the geometrical features of a tooth color image. For the possible clinical usage of our new plaque scoring system, GUI(Graphic User Interface) system is also implemented to estimate the numerical plaque index for a specific tooth by designing the supplementary database management module that handles dental plaque scores.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.340-356
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological effect of chlorhexidine rinse and supragingival plaque control following scaling and root planing on adult periodontal disease. 14 patients with adult periodontitis were selected for the study . They had not taken antibiotics for 6 months and history of dental treatment for 6 months before the study. Patients received a supragingival scaling and root planing under local anesthesia, plaque control group was subjected to professional plaque control 2 times for a period 2 week, chlorhexidine rinse group were subjected to twice daily 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse for a period 2 week. Clinical examination (plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth) and distribution of the bacteria morphology of subgingival plaque were monitored on baseline (0 week), 1 week, 2 week, 4 week and 6 week. The results were as follows : 1. Plaque index in chlorhexidine rinse group , plaque control group and control group was significantly reduced during all weeks (P<0.05). 2. Probing pocket depth was significantly reduced at 2, 4, 6 week (P<0.05) in chlorhexidine rinse group and control group, plaque control group was significantly reduced during all weeks (P<0.05). 3. Gingival index was significantly improved at 2, 4, 6 weeks(P<0.05) in chlorhexidine group and plaque control group, control group was significantly improved at 1, 2, 4 weeks (P<0.05). 4. Percentage of cocci was significantly increased at 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in chlorhexidine rinse group and control group, plaque control group was significantly increased at 2, 4 and 6 weeks(P<0.05). 5. Percentage of non-motile rods in all group were not significantly changed when compared with those of baseline (0 week) (P<0.05). 6. Percentage of motile rods was significantly reduced during all weeks (P<0.05) in chlorhexidine rinse group, plaque control group was significantly reduced at 2, 4, 6 weeks and 1, 2 and 4 weeks in control group. 7. Percentage of spirochetes was significantly reduced during all weeks (P<0.05), plaque control group was significantly reduced at 2, 4, 6 weeks and 1, 2, 4 weeks in control group. This results were suggested that clinical and microbiological effect of chlorhexidine rinse and supragingival plaque control following scaling and root planing on periodontal disease

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

A novel glucanhydrolase from Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 has been suggested as a promising anti-plaque agent because it has been shown to have additional amylase activity and mutanase activity besides dextranase activity and to strongly bind to hydroxyapatite. Mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase solution was comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were less frequent and less intense in human experimental gingivitis. In this study, Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase mouthrinses (1 and 2 unit/ml) were compared with a control mouthrinse (commercial 0.01% benzethonium chloride mouthrinse, $Caregargle^{(R)}$, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals) in the ability to inhibit plaque formation. A 3-replicate clinical trial using 4-day plaque regrowth model was used. Fifteen volunteers were rendered plaque-free on the 1st day of each study period, ceased toothcleansing, and rinsed 2X daily with allocated mouthrinse thereafter. On day 5, plaque accumulation was scored and the washout periods was 9 days for the next trial. Lipomyces starkeyi KSM22 glucanhydrolase(1 unit and 2 unit)- containing mouthrinse resulted in Significantly lower plaque formation in plaque area and thickness, compared to the control mouthrinse. There was no significant difference in plaque inhibition between enzyme-mouthrinses at 2 different concentrations used. This glucanhydrolase- containing mouthwash resulted in significantly lower plaque area severity index score and tended to have lower plaque thickness severity index score than those of control mouthrinse. But there was no significant difference according to the enzyme concentration. From these results, Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase-containing benzethonium chloride mouthrinse has greater anti-plaque effect than the commercial mouthrinse alone. Therefore this glucanhydrolase preparation is a promising agent for new mouthwash formulation in the near future.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.401-420
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• 2001

A novel glucanhydrolase from a mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi(KSM 22)has been shown effective in hydrolysis of mutan, reduction of mutan formation by Streptococcus mutans and removal pre-formed sucrose-dependent adherent microbial film and Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase has been strongly bound to hydroxyapatitie. These in vitro properties of Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent. This study was performed to determine oral hygiene benefits and safety of dextranase(Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase)-containing mouthwash in human experimental gingivitis. This 3-week clinical trial was placebo-controlled double-blind design evaluating 1U/ml dextranase mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A total 39 systemically healthy subjects, who had moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were included. At baseline, 1, 2 and 3 weeks, subjects were scored for plaque(Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index and plaque severity index), gingivitis($L{\ddot{o}e$ and Silness gingival index), and at baseline and 3 weeks of experiment, subjects were scored for plaque(Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index and plaque severity index), tooth stain(Area and severity index system by Lang et al). Additionally, oral mucosal examinations were performed and subjects questioned for adverse symptoms. Two weeks after pre-experiment examinations and a professional prophylaxis, the subjects provided with allocated mousewash and instructed to use 20-ml volumes for 30s twice dailywithout toothbrushing. All the groups showed significant increase in plaque accumulation since 1 week of experiment. During 3 weeks' period, the dextranase group showed the least increase in plaque accumulation of Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index, compared to the chlorhexidine and placebo groups, but chlorhexidine group showed the least increase inplaque accumulation of Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index. As for gingival inflammation, all the groups showed significant increase during 3 weeks of experiment. The dextranase group also showed the least increase in gingival index score, compared to the chlorhexidine as well as the placebo groups. Whereas the tooth stain was increased significantly in the chlorhexidine group, compared to the baseline score and the placebo group since 3 weeks of mouthrinsing. It was significantly increased after 3 weeks in the dextranase group, still less severe than the chlorhexidine group. As for the oral side effect, the dextranase group showed less tongue accumulation, bad taste, compared to the chlorhexidine group. From these results, mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase was comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwashin inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were if anything less frequent and less intense than chlorhexidine, in human experimental gingivitis. All data had provided positive evidence for Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase as an antiplaque agent and suggested that further development of dextranase formulations for plaque control are warranted.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2004

A thromboembolic stroke is believed to be precipitated by a rupture of vulnerable atheromatous plaques. Until recently the assessment of a further risk of stroke in high-risk patients in whom atherosclerosis has presented with a transient ischaemic attack (TIA), has been confined to a quantitative assessment of the luminal patency of the internal carotid artery. These traditional stratification parameters are no longer believed to be the most accurate predictors of a thrombo-embolism. This is because the process of vessel wall remodeling can maintain a luminal patency, and consequently, quite large friable plaques may remain unidentified. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved risk assessment. The fibrous cap of a vulnerable plaque is thinner, and an intraplaque hemorrhage and inflammation can occur during the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Several imaging methods for identifying vulnerable plaques have been developed. Recently, high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has emerged as an accurate non-invasive tool that can characterize the carotid plaque components in vivo. A High resolution carotid magnetic resonance is capable of distinguishing an intact, thick fibrous cap from a thin and ruptured cap in carotid plaque. In addition, a plaque MR can identify the active inflammation and detect a hemorrhage. High resolution carotid MR imaging is a valuable noninvasive method for quantifying the plaque components and identifying vulnerable plaque.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.131-134
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• 2011

Purpose: To test the plaque-removal efficacy of a single-tufted toothbrush on the posterior molars compared with a flat-trimmed toothbrush. Methods: Forty-nine subjects were selected. Professional instruction and written brushing instructions were given. After thorough supra-gingival scaling and polishing, all subjects were asked to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours prior to the first experiment. The subjects were randomized to a treatment sequence. The modified Quigley and Hein plaque index was recorded pre- and post-tooth brushing, at 6 surfaces of the posterior molars. After a wash-out period, all the remaining plaque was removed professionally. Twenty-four hours of brushing abstinence was again performed. The plaque index was recorded pre- and post-tooth brushing after the subjects were given the second toothbrush in the cross-over sequence. Results: The percentage reductions in plaque scores achieved with the single-tufted brushes were significantly higher than those of the flat-trimmed brush at the maxillary buccal interproximal, marginal and mandibular lingual interproximal site. The other locations showed no significant difference. Conclusions: The results of the present study implied that the single-tufted brush could be an effective tool for the removal of plaque at some, but not all, sites of the posterior molars.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 1989

Dextranase and glucose-osidase was investigated as an anti-plaque agent and a component of dentifrice. In vitro synthesis of the water-insoluble glucan was decreased with increasing amount of dextranase and glucose-oxidase. Dextranase was effective on the decrease of viable S. mutans, and the formation of plaque decreased. But it is not effective on the degradatio of plaque. As a research for addition of enzyme to the dentifrice components, we formulated the Model Dentifrice for stabilization of enzyme. At the Model Dentifrice, we confirmed the stability of enzyme by evalution of activity for a long time.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2021

Objectives: Interdental toothbrushes are made and sold in various design types and brush thicknesses. However, there is little research on which type of interdental toothbrush currently manufactured and sold on the market is the most effective in eliminating interdental plaque. Therefore, this study aims at comparing the elimination rate of artificial dental plaque between reciprocating- and rotating-types of interdental toothbrush based on the frequency of application and thickness of brush. Methods: This study focused on the effective management of dental plaque using interdental toothbrush, a recommended item for personal dental hygiene. The method was as follows: artificial dental plaque coloring was applied to the distal surface of artificial tooth #46 and the mesial surface of #47. The area was subject to reciprocal movement three and six times to eliminate artificial plaque. Results: The results showed that using a 0.7mm rotating interdental toothbrush, on the proximal surface of each molar, the elimination rates were: on the distal surface of #46, upon three applications 40.24%, upon six applications 30.41%; on the mesial surface of #47, upon three applications 44.52%, upon six applications 29.72%. Conclusions: These results showed that for rotating-type interdental toothbrushes, a high dental plaque elimination rate was observed even though many reciprocal movements were not performed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.751-759
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• 1999

Plaque characteristics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolates were examined using MARC-145 line cells. The plaque morphology of PRRS virus isolates was variable in size and heterogenic in population. Upon serial passages of the PRRS virus isolates on MARC-145 tells, heterogeneity was maintained but numbers of the large plaque size virus were increased with certain isolates. A PRRS virus isolate with variable plaque sizes was subcloned into 2 populations : small plaque ($H_S$) and large plaque ($H_L$) viruses. Growth kinetics of the subclones were then determined in MARC-145 cells, and production of the structural polypeptides was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In a comparison of the growth kinetics, the $H_S$ virus showed higher infectivity titers during the first 48 hours but slower to reach the peak titier than $H_L$ virus did. In a nucleotide sequence comparison, differences of 4 nucleotides in open reading frames 5-6 gene were found between $H_S$ and $H_L$ viruses. Both the $H_S$ and $H_L$ clones produced 5 polypeptide bands with molecular weights of 15, 19, 26, 36 and 42 kD. The 5 bands were detected at 48 hours postinoculation (PI) with antisera to $H_L$ and another large plaque virus ($W_L$) and at 72 hours PI with $H_S$ virus antiserum. The present results demonstrate differences of biologic and molecular characteristics between the two PRRS virus plaque clones.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.262-266
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare Plaque Percent Index (PPI), calculated by Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI), Rustogi's modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI), and the Quigley & Hein Plaque Index (QHPI), with visual assessment. Methods: Ninety-six subjects, aged between 30-65 years, were examined; twenty subjects were included in the final analysis. The subjects' teeth were stained and photographed. Dental coloring and intraoral camera photography were performed by a single examiner. The oral images obtained were analyzed using Image J to measure the area of dental plaque. The values of PHPI, RMNPI, and QHPI were calculated twice. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The results of the correlation analyses of PPI with PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were as follows: for PHPI, the correlation coefficient (r)=0.584; for QHPI, r=0.689; and for RMNPI, r=0.729. Further, the kappa indices of PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were 0.810, 0.677, and 0.590 respectively. Conclusions: Among RMNPI, QHPI, and PHPI dental plaque indices, RMNPI and QHPI showed a high degree of correlation with the actual stained dental plaque area; on the other hand, PHPI showed the highest kappa index.