• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2005

The use of blankets to preserve heat in oriental melon cultivation is a common practise without artificial heating and warming systems. Efficiency of blanket decreased with annually usage. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of double layer nonwoven fabrics on heat conservation, plant growth, fruit quality and yield of oriental melon in greenhouse. The results were compared among the non-woven fabrics of 9+3, 6+6, 6+3 and 12 ounce from transplanting to April 20, 2001, 2002. Night temperature within tunnel was high at 9+3, 6+6, 6+3 and 12 ounce in order. In plant growth, stem length, leaf numbers and exudate, under double layer nonwoven fabrics were better than single layer blanket of 12 ounce especially, 9+3 double layer blanket was the best. Fruit weight, flesh thickness, soluble solid and marketable yield rate remained same in all treatments. Fermented fruit rate was the highest in 12 ounce as $32.9\%,\;19.6\%\;under\;9+3,\;17.1\%\;under\;6+6,\;16.6\%$ under 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabric, respectively. Compared to 2,260kg yield per 10a of 12 ounce single layer nonwoven fabrics, $7\%$ was increased under 9+3 but $3\%\;and\;13\%$ were decreased under 6+6 and 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics, respectively. Compared to income, 4,499-thousand-won per 10a, of 12 ounce single layer blanket, $13\%\;and\;3$ were increased under 9+3 and 6+6 double layer nonwoven fabrics, respectively. Whereas, $10\%$ decreased under 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics. From this results it is evident that 9+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics was the best for thermokeeping, fruit quality, and was most economic under non heating system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 1986

Taiwan land race, Taichung 2 rowed barley #1 was crossed with England cultivar, Deba abed in 1972, and two isogenic lines-lax and compact heads-were made in 1982. So as to three fertilizer and three seeding density levels were treated at Dan-Kook Agricultural College farm located in Cheonan in 1984-1985. Lax head type had longer spike length and rachis than compact type. The traits uninfluenced by different head types were heading time, number of grains per spike, yield and soluble nitrogen content. However, the traits related to malting quality such as 1,000 grain weight, assortment ratio, protein content of grain and malt, malt extract, malt total nitrogen content, Kolbach index and diastatic power were significantly affected by head types. The number of spikes per m2, yield, assortment ratio, crude protein content of grain and malt yield ratio, extract yield ratio, malt total nitrogen, souble nitrogen content, Kolbach index and diastatic power were affected by fertilizer and seeding density levels in both isogenic lines. The malting quality was best at 12-12-9 kg/l0a fertilizer level and the yield was greatest at 15-12-9 kg/l0a level. Narrow-spaced or drilling seeding had greater yield and better malting quality than conventional row seeding. The plant with lax head type had some advantages in malting quality, suggesting that this trait would be considered as an selection criterion fer good malting quality lines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.361-361
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• 2017

The NPK are known as macro elements that affect crop growth and yield. In 1989, Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) gave a recommendation rate of fertilizer on rice production based on soil types. This recommended rate of NPK seems however relatively low as compared to farmers' practices nowadays and the amount in the neighboring countries. The CARDI recommended rate for Prateah Lang soil type is 50kg N, $25kg\;P_2O_5$, $25kg\;K_2O\;ha^{-1}$ while recent farmers' practice rates are 55 - 64kg N, 24 - 46kg $P_2O_5$, $30kg\;K_2O\;ha^{-1}$. However, the overuse of chemical fertilizer will lead to un-preferable plant growth, insect pest, disease and economic yield. Thus, we examined the effect of different NPK application rates on the growth and yield components in Prateah Lang soil type in Takeo province to investigate appropriate rates for improving rice productivity with economic efficiency. This study was conducted from July to November during wet season in 2013. A multi-locational trial with 6 treatments (T0 - T5) of NPK rates in 5 locations (trial 1 - 5) with 3 replications was conducted. The different combinations of NPK application were employed from 0, 50, 60, 80, 100, $120kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, 0, 25, 30 45, $60kg\;P_2O_5\;ha^{-1}$ and 0, 15, 25, 30, $45kg\;K_2O\;ha^{-1}$. Urea, DAP and KCl were used for fertilization. Split application was employed [basal: 20% of N, 100% of P and K, top dressing-1st: 40% of N (30DAT), 2nd: 40% of N (PI stage)]. Three-week-old seedlings of var. Phka Rumdoul were transplanted with 2 - 3 seedlings $hill^{-1}$ with $20cm{\times}20cm$ spacing. Plant length, tiller number at the maximum tillering stage and yield components were measured. The different rates of NPK application affected some yield components. The panicle number per hill was the most important key component followed by the spikelet number per panicle. However, the other parameters such as the filled grain percentage and 1000 grains weight had small effect or weak relation with the yield. Although the panicle number per hill had a significantly positive correlation with the stem number per hill, it was not correlated with the percentage of productive culms. The variation in the grain yield among the 5 trials was small and the difference was not significant. Although the yield tended to be higher at higher N and P application, there was no significant difference above 60kg N and $30kg\;P_2O_5$. The yield was the highest at 15, 30 and $45kg\;K_2O$ followed by $25kg\;K_2O$. The relationships between N, P and the stem number per hill were significantly linear positive, though it was not linear between K and the stem number. From these results, to increase rice productivity in the target area, farmers' effort to increase N and P input rather than CARDI recommendation up to 60kg N and $30kg\;P_2O_5$ will be sufficient considering economic efficiency. Besides, the amount of K application should be reconsidered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2017

The NPK are known as macro elements that affect crop growth and yield. In 1989, Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) gave a recommendation rate of fertilizer on rice production based on soil types. This recommended rate of NPK seems however relatively low as compared to farmers' practices nowadays and the amount in the neighboring countries. The CARDI recommended rate for Prateah Lang soil type is 50kg N, 25kg P2O5, 25kg K2O ha-1 while recent farmers' practice rates are 55 - 64kg N, 24 - 46kg P2O5, 30kg K2O ha-1. However, the overuse of chemical fertilizer will lead to un-preferable plant growth, insect pest, disease and economic yield. Thus, we examined the effect of different NPK application rates on the growth and yield components in Prateah Lang soil type in Takeo province to investigate appropriate rates for improving rice productivity with economic efficiency. This study was conducted from July to November during wet season in 2013. A multi-locational trial with 6 treatments (T0 - T5) of NPK rates in 5 locations (trial 1 - 5) with 3 replications was conducted. The different combinations of NPK application were employed from 0, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120kg N ha-1, 0, 25, 30 45, 60kg P2O5 ha-1 and 0, 15, 25, 30, 45kg K2O ha-1. Urea, DAP and KCl were used for fertilization. Split application was employed [basal: 20% of N, 100% of P and K, top dressing-1st: 40% of N (30DAT), 2nd: 40% of N (PI stage)]. Three-week-old seedlings of var. Phka Rumdoul were transplanted with 2 - 3 seedlings hill-1 with $20cm{\times}20cm$ spacing. Plant length, tiller number at the maximum tillering stage and yield components were measured. The different rates of NPK application affected some yield components. The panicle number per hill was the most important key component followed by the spikelet number per panicle. However, the other parameters such as the filled grain percentage and 1000 grains weight had small effect or weak relation with the yield. Although the panicle number per hill had a significantly positive correlation with the stem number per hill, it was not correlated with the percentage of productive culms. The variation in the grain yield among the 5 trials was small and the difference was not significant. Although the yield tended to be higher at higher N and P application, there was no significant difference above 60kg N and 30kg P2O5. The yield was the highest at 15, 30 and 45kg K2O followed by 25kg K2O. The relationships between N, P and the stem number per hill were significantly linear positive, though it was not linear between K and the stem number. From these results, to increase rice productivity in the target area, farmers' effort to increase N and P input rather than CARDI recommendation up to 60kg N and 30kg P2O5 will be sufficient considering economic efficiency. Besides, the amount of K application should be reconsidered.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.518-524
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• 2015

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of various depths of expanded rice hull (ERH) medium and fixation dates of runner plantlets of 'Seolhyang' strawberry on the growths in nursery field and in plastic house soil after transplanting. The five treatments in medium depths (30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 mm) and four treatments in fixation dates (1st and 15th July and 1st and 15th August) were tested. The growths of runner plantlets were investigated before transplanting to plastic house soil. The early growth and inflorescence rates of crops after transplant to plastic house soil were also investigated. The plant height and fresh weight of runner plantlets were the highest in the medium depths of 50, 70, and 90 mm. The medium depth of 30 mm had higher numbers of first roots, but lower root fresh weight compared to those of 70, 90, and 110 mm. The treatment of 30 mm in medium depth showed poorer growth in all indexes except root length and root weight compared to those of 70, 90, and 110 mm. The runner plantlets fixed on July 1 and July 15 showed good root growth and the weights of ERH adhered to form root balls were 18.3 g and 13.9 g, respectively. The detached amount of ERH was less than 40% in the two treatments when root balls were shaken by a vibratory sieve shaker. The plant growth at 45 days after transplanting to plastic house soil were not significantly different when the runner plantlets were fixed in the period from July 1 to Aug. 1. The inflorescence rates of the first cluster were 93 to 100% when runner plantlets were fixed in the period from July 1 to Aug. 1. By contrast the runner plantlets fixed on the Aug. 15 had a 67% in florescence rate for the first cluster. These results indicate that optimum depth of ERH medium was 7 cm and the ranges of optimum fixation dates are from July 20 to 25.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1992

Effects of the indigenous Vesicular-arbuscular mycurrhizal fungi(VAMF) on early growth response of greenhouse grown crops were experimented. This study was done to evaluate the benefit of indigenous VAMF inoculation on the early growth and the subsequent growth after transplanting of some crops such as cucumber, tomato, hot pepper, eggplant, and melon. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and plant length of mycorrhizal greenhouse crops showed the tendency of significant or no significant increase over control plants receiving no inoculation. The levels of VA mycorrhizal colonization were increased with plant growth, and infection rates of horticultural crop except hot pepper around one week after transplanting were decreased, while that of 8 weeks after emergence of mycorrhizal seedlings were increased again and infected by around 50% at harvesting time. In spore densities in the rhizosphere soil of craps experimented, the number of spore ranged from $72.7{\pm}26.3$ to $100{\pm}10.3g^1$ on dried soil basis and high density showed in both cucumber and tomato. Total nitrogen contents in shoots were lower in the mycorrhizal plants than non-mycorrhizal one, whereas P uptake in mycorrhizal hot pepper and tomato were highly ramarkable. The K contents in the shoots of mycorrhizal cucumber and eggplent were highly enhanced. Inoculation of the indigenous VAMF enhanced shoot Ca and Mg in both tomoto and melon. The contents of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in shoots of mycorrhizal crops were higher than non-mycorrhizal plants and vice versa in case of eggplent. Inoculation of the indigenous VAMF to horticultural crops were effective for alleviation of transplanting shock, and pretransplanting infection improved subsequent growth by reducing the time required for establishment of a functional mycorrhizal symbiosis following transplanting.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the suitable of harvest time on the growth and quality of baby leafy vegetables (Agastsche rugosa O. Kuntze and Lepidium sativum L.) grown on rice seedling tray in a six-layered bench system at 30cm intervals in order to exploit the space during rice growing off-season. Seedlings were grown on the rice seedling tray for 10 days after sowing with coir substrate supplied with nutrient solution at EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ every 2 days prior to placing the tray on the bench, which were at $1^{st}$ (Low) layer above 20cm and $6^{th}$ (High) layer above 170cm apart from the ground. Growth and phytochemical contents were measured at 7-day and 14-day harvest time. During the culture periods, daily average of integrated solar radiation and temperature were $9.3{\sim}9.6MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ in the High layer and $5.1{\sim}6.2MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average, and $26.5{\sim}26.6^{\circ}C$ in the Low layer, respectively. For A. rugosa, the highest growth was observed in the Low layer bench at a 14-day harvest time, while their plant height in the High layer was shorter and the leaf number was lower. For L. sativum, the plant height, leaf length and width, leaf number and fresh weight were higher in the Low layer. For A. rugosa, a high yield was observed with the increase in integrated temperature and integrated solar radiation, while a higher yield of L. sativum was found with the increase in integrated temperature, but not with integrated solar radiation. For A. rugosa, both polyphenol and anthocyanin contents were higher in the High layer at a 14-day harvest time. For L. sativum, polyphenol contents were higher in the High layer, whereas no significant difference in anthocyanin and flavonoid contents was observed depending on the layer and harvest time. The highest chlorophyll content showed in Low layer at a 7-day harvest time in both A. rugose and L. sativum. All of the results suggest that in terms of growth and quality, it may be better growing in the high layer for 14 days after seedling in A. rugosa, and low layer for 7 days in L. sativum.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2005

Three different cDNAS for cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) which are involved in the second step of the general phenylpropanoid pathway were isolated and designated as pc4h1 (1,755 bp), pc4h2 (1,655 bp), and pc4h3 (1,316 bp), respectively. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that both pc4h1 and pc4h2 clones encode polypeptides of 505 amino acids frame but pc4h3 clone was truncated at the 5'-end of coding region. The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that PC4H1 and PC4H2 are highly homologous (95.8% identical) with each other and contain three conserved domains which are typical in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase: proline-rich region, threonine-containing binding pocket for the oxygen molecule, and heme binding region. In addition, result of the phylogenic tree analysis revealed that both pepper C4Hs belong to Class 1. pc4h2 transcription was strongly induced in wounded fruit (400%) and root (200%) relative to its very low basal level but not in leaf or stem tissue. In case of pc4h1, the basal level of transcription was higher than pc4h2 but induction by wounding was lower in fruit and root while leaf and stem tissues did not respond to wounding. The basal level of pc4h3 transcripts was not, if any, detectable and response to wounding was not observed.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2015

A PyrcpPR-10 gene with differentially expressed was isolated by using the suppression subtractive hybridization assay between '93-3-98' (highly resistant against scab caused by Venturia nashicola) and 'Sweat Skin'(highly susceptible) and analyzed the expression pattern according to organs and cultivars. The full length of PyrcpPR-10 was cloned as 743bp with 480bp's ORP, and was determined to encode a protein of 159 amino acid residues. On analyzing PyrcpPR-10 gene sequence compared with resistant and susceptible cultivars, 'Hwangsilri' (resistant), 'Gamcheonbae' (moderately resistant), 'Wonhwang' (moderately susceptible), 'Niitaka' (highly susceptible), and 'Sweat Skin' (highly susceptible) had identical gene sequence but 'Bartlett' (highly resistant) showed partly different sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 64 ~ 98% homology and had the GXGGXG motif to known amino acid of other plants PR-10 by the BLAST X analysis. Among several organs or tissues, petal was showed highest expression level of PyrcpPR-10 gene followed by leaf, floral axis, bud, and bark. The expression level of PyrcpPR-10 gene was dramatically increased at 24 hr after inoculation in all cultivars and also up-regulated in accordance with resistant degree of cultivars. While resistant cultivars ('Bartlett', '93-3-98', and 'Hwangsilri') induced relatively high expression level of PyrcpPR-10 gene, susceptible cultivars ('Niitaka', and 'Sweat Skin') showed low expression level. PyrcpPR-10 gene is assumed that it is directly connected with defense mechanisms to pear scab.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 1988

The seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national-widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987, were experimented at 1988. To study the degree of ecological variations of the collected accessions of native barngardgrass species as a weed, the experiment was conducted with Wagner pots in size of 1/5000a and under P.E. film house. Among 57 characters, 100 grains weight, rate of tiller increase from transplanting to 30 days, the number of the maximum tillers and rate of dry weight increase from 15 DAS to 22 DAS were become intra-specific variarions as higher coefficient of varation than 30%, the size of the first leaf, fresh weight and dry 22 seedlings, rate of productive tiller, panicle number and tillering divergence made intra-specific variations as more and less C. V. than 25%, while the required days upto heading since seeding at June 6. rate of fresh/dry weight and plant height of 22 days old seedling made intra-specific variations as the coefficient of variation of about 50%. Among the attributes the color in leaf, leaf sheath, mid-ribs, node, spike, grain, and plant type, length of leaf marginal tooth, grain shape, purple bend on leaf were seemed useful to indentify the accessible specific.