• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2010

This study proposes a guideline of a green roof system suitable for the local environment by verifying the growth of Zoysia japonica in a shallow, extensive, green roof system under rainfed condition. The experimental soil substrates into which excellent drought tolerance and creeping Z. japonica was planted were made with different soil thicknesses(15cm, 25cm) and soil mixing ratios(SL, $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$, $P_4P_4L_2$). The plant height, green coverage ratio, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll contents of Z. japonica were investigated. For the soil thickness of 15cm, the plant height of Z. japonica was significantly as affected by the soil mixing ratio and it was shown in the order SL= $P_4P_4L_2$ < $P_7P_1L_2$ = $P_5P_3L_2$ < $P_6P_2L_2$. For the soil thickness of 25cm, the plant height was increased in order to SL < $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ < $P_4P_4L_2$. The green coverage ratio was not observed by soil the mixing ratio or soil thickness. However, the green coverage ratio was 86~90% with a good coverage rate overall. The chlorophyll contents of Z. japonica were not significantly affected by the soil mixing ratio in the soil thickness of 15cm, but were higher in the natural soil than in the artificial soil at 25cm soil thickness. The fresh weight and dry weight of Zoysia japonica were heavier in the 25cm thickness than in the 15cm thickness and in the artificial soil mixture than in the natural soil. The result indicated that the growth of Zoysia japonica was more effective in the 25cm soil thickness with artificial soil than in the 15cm soil thickness with natural soil in the green roof system under rainfed condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2006

We investigated the flora of Ui Island sand dunes, consisting of 142 taxa; 52 families, 108 genera, 124 species, 15 varieties, and 3 forms. The total plants of floral region that were identified were 16 taxa; Elymus mollis, Salsola collina, and Farfugium japonicum in Class III; Ischaemum anthephephoroides, Carex kobomugi, Glehnia littoralis, Messerschmidia sibirica, Machilus thunbergii, Elaeagnus macrophylla, and Aster spathulifolius in Class I . Naturalized plants were 11 taxa; 7 families, 10 genera and the naturalization degree was 7.8%. On the Donmok seaside area, the coverage rate was about $20%{\sim}25%$ in 2002, but this time it had increased to more than three times or $65%{\sim}75%$. Also, on the Sungchon seaside area, the coverage rate was about $15%{\sim}20%$ in 2002, but this time it was $70%{\sim}75%$ as a result of the rapid increase of Zoysia macrostachya and Carex kobomugi. Pungseong sand dune area showed a monotonous state in variety and number, because of the strong wind and repetition of sand income and outcome.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

Fifty accessions in Zoysia species and forty-one hybrid lines were evaluated in order to detect analyze the genectic variation of Zoysiagrasses and to obtain the basic information for breeding. 1.Plant height ranged from 13 to 34.5cm, leaf length from 7 to 26cm, leaf width from 2 to 7mm, and first leaf height from 1.1 to 8.5cm 2. The correlations among plant height, leaf length and first-leaf height were high, but leaf Width was correlated only With leaf length. 3. Stolon length was varied from 10 to 108cm, number of stolons from 12 to 53, internode length from 2 to 6.1cm and coverage percentage from 10 to 90%. 4.There were correlation among stolen length, number of stolons, internode length and coverage percentage except between stolen and internode length. 5.M1J and MC2 showed the highest level in stolen length, number of stolons and coverage percentage. Therefore they will be the best breeding materials for the purpose of fast covering. 6.According to the analysis on October 26, 1995, yellow color-change rate of leaves ranged from 5 to 85%, red color-change from 0 to 75% and sum of yellow and red change from 20 to 95%. Speciallty M2M1 and FL-41 kept green color untill early December, indicating that they had the late dormancy. 7. Visual assessment of stolon length and number of stolons, showed similar tendency With actually measured data. 8. Shoot density was very high in M2M1 and S2, and showed negative correlation with leaf width. 9. It is known in Korea that the darker green color of lawngrass is, the better it looks. There were 11 lines with dark green color leaves such as J 85-10, Meyer in Z. japonira, one asacession in Z. matrella and M2M1, M2S8, JM2, 55C2 in hybrid lines.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.491-499
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• 2000

Effluent concentration estimation equations for treatment wetland were reviewed with 3 -year experimental data. Four equations from USEPA, WPCF, Kadlec and Knight, and this study were applied to the over 100 data points of 1996 to 1999 study at the pilot plant in Konkuk University. The system was a subsurface flow type and consisted of 60cm depth of sand and reeds, and it worked continuously including winter with domestic sewage from school building. Generally, all the equations demonstrated reasonable agreement with experimental data and they could be used for design process if selected carefully. Among them, the equation from this study showed the best fit for the data. The reason might be not only the equation was derived from the experimental data, but also it included plant coverage parameter in the equation while others did not Plant coverage was proved to be an important parameter in the prediction of the treatment wetland system, and its inclusion in the estimation equation could improve the accuracy. Although existing equations could be used in the wetland design, pilot plant experiment for the anticipated condition and subsequent equation development can provide more reliable equation. It takes time to obtain meaningful data from wetland system. Therefore, timely onset of well organized study is recommended before large scale application of treatment wetland system to either point or nonpoint source pollution abatement.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.709-717
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• 2008

The field scale experiment which is constructed with four sets (0.88 ha for each set) of wetland (0.8 ha) and pond (0.08 ha) systems was performed to examine the effect of plant coverage on the constructed wetland performance and to recommend the optimum development and management of macrophyte communities. After six growing seasons of wetlands, plant coverage was about 100%. And the concentration of DO showed low value (1.0~5.4 mg/L). This is caused by a blighted plant consumed dissolved oxygen with decay in water column. As the result, water column went to be anaerobic conditions and T-N removal rate are 58~67%. Dead vegetation increased nitrogen removal during winter because it is a source of organic carbon which is an essential parameter in denitrification. However, wetland released phosphorus caused by a blighted plant and accumulation, the removal rate of phosphorus might be decreased. To rise of DO concentration, the three open-waters were constructed in cell 3 and 4. Cell 3 has two open-waters (width 10 m, depth 1.8 m) and cell 4 has one open-water (width 20 m, depth 1.8 m). As the result, DO concentration and treatment efficiency of nutrient and BOD were improved. In case that constructed wetland is operated for a long time, physical circulation structure such as open water help continuous circulation of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Through the constructed open-water, treatment efficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen in wetland could be improved effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.557-562
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• 2005

The field scale experiment was performed to examine the effect of plant coverage on the constructed wetland performance and recommend the optimum development and management of macrophyte communities. Four sets(each set of 0.88ha) of wetland (0.8ha) and pond(0.08ha) systems were used. Water flowing into the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir from the Dangjin stream was pumped into wetland system. Water depth was maintained at $0.3{\sim}0.5m$ and hydraulic retention time was managed to about $2{\sim}5$ days; emergent plants were allowed to grow in the wetlands. After three growing seasons of the construction of wetlands, plant coverage was about 95%, even with no plantation, from bare soil surfaces at the initial stage. Dead vegetation affected nitrogen removal during winter because it is a source of organic carbon which is an essential parameter in denitrification. Biomass harvesting is not a realistic management option for most constructed wetland systems because it could only slightly increase the removal rate and provide a minor nitrogen removal pathway due to lack of organic carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.34-44
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to analyze the thermal properties of various green roof type. The experimental districts, have different soil thickness, soil type, the existence of module and the different kinds of vegetation, had installed. A measurement was conducted in Seoul University to investigate the thermal impacts of rooftop greening. The measurement point of temperature were 30, located in soil surface, middle of the soil layer, under the module, hard surface and soffit surface of each experimental district. The experimental investigation lasted from 6th August to 29th August, a total of 24 days. The results showed that green roof can contribute thermal benefits by soil and vegetation and reduce building energy consumption by a role of insulation. It's also better to make soil thickness over 20cm and various vegetation that should be more effective. The district installed only soil also could be effective for reducing the temperature of roof surface. Therefore, the increase of soil thickness and various vegetation could reduce more temperature of roof surface and building energy consumption. Also, it's helpful to reduce temperature that plant coverage rate be raised.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of planting seedlings for quarry rehabilitation. To achieve the objective, the experiment was designed for rehabilitation of quarry with planting seedlings and seeding types. Planting seedlings were categorized as target species, accompanied species and pioneer species. The study was conducted in limestone quarry (Lafarge Halla Cement Inc.) near the Baekdudaegan Mountains at Okke, Kangwon-do. The experimental planting bed was set in 2007 and field monitoring was carried out from 2007 to 2011. As the result of experiment, it was found that the early-phase pattern for surveyed species to establish was affected by the planting and seeding types. As years after planting and seeding, the percent of plant coverage also increased up to 90%. The methods of mixed planting and seeding were good for species diversity, but the growing of seedlings were affected by seeding plants. Accompanied species and pioneer species were superior to target species during first 2 years, but target species has gained predominance during last 2 years. The quality maintenance should be carried out annually to attain the goal of rehabilitation.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2008

A total of 2,765 accessions were used as the initial set having both seed coat color and 100-seed weight data. As a result of molecular profiling using six SSR markers followed by stratification based on their usages, 335 accessions(12.1%) were selected by clustering based on UPGMA. Since 75 out of 335 accessions were mixed in phenotypic traits as a result of characterization, 260 accessions were finally set as a core set. This core set revealed nearly the same diversity compared with the other results on morphological traits of Korean soybean landraces. In total, 115 alleles(19.2 alleles per locus) were detected in the initial set and 79 alleles(13.2 alleles per locus) were detected in the core set. All 30 major alleles were present in the initial set and in the core set as well. In allele coverage, the core set was 71.4% of the initial set. These comparisons of number of alleles, gene diversity and coverage indicated that the core set represented the entire set well.