• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.123-126
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• 2005

Gastrodia elata Blume (Chunma) belongs to Orchidaceae, which is a perennial parasitic herbaceous plant and grows in the woods of the central provinces of China, Korea and Japan. Recently, the constituents of the tubers of this plant have been investigated by researchers who have revealed the presence of phenolic compounds including gastrodin as a major constituent, together with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, parishin, 4,4-dihydroxybenzyl sulfoxide, vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, organic acids and polysaccharides, etc. In this study, we used ultrasonicator and two kinds of enzymes for enhancement of extraction yield. We also used electronic nose for the aroma pattern analysis of Chunma extracts. The concentrations of glucose and functional constituents (gastrodin, vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) were measured by biochemistry analyzer and HPLC, respectively. Therefore, we showed that the yield of extraction was increased and discomfortable odor was reduced.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.278-289
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• 2015

Indigenous strains of Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of Tea gardens of Assam, north eastern state of India were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely Pestalotia theae and Fusarium solani. A potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as SDRLIN1, was selected and identified as Trichoderma viride. The strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. Culture filtrate collected from stationary growth phase of the antagonist demonstrated a significantly higher degree of inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, demonstrating the presence of an optimal blend of extracellular antifungal metabolites. Moreover, quantitative enzyme assay of exponential and stationary culture filtrates revealed that the activity of cellulase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, pectinase, and amylase was highest in the exponential phase, whereas the activity of proteases and chitinase was noted highest in the stationary phase. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and distortion were also observed in the fungal pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar containing stationary phase culture filtrate. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the filtrate was significantly reduced but not entirely after heat or proteinase K treatment, demonstrating substantial role of certain unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s) in the inhibitory activity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2004

Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous extracts from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine their allelopathic effects, and the result showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Untreated seeds germinated in 60h, but extract concentrations greater than 30g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ delayed seed germination. The extracts significantly inhibited seed germination of alfalfa, and $\beta$-amylase activity of alfalfa and barley seeds during 24-36 hours after treatment. Aqueous extracts of 40 g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ from X. occidentale were completely inhibited the hypocotyl and root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts showed the highest inhibitory effect and followed by root and stem extracts. Early seedling growth of both alfalfa and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) was significantly reduced by methanol extracts. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography, chlorogenic acid and trans-cinnamic acid were quantified as the highest amounts from water and EtOAc fractions, respectively. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did hexane and water fractions. The findings of the bioassays for aqueous or methanol extracts reflected that the inhibitory effect of extract was closely related to the level of responsible allelochemicals found in plant extracts.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), one of the most widely used medicinal plants in traditional oriental medicine, is used for the treatment of various diseases. It has been classified according to its cultivation environment, such as field cultivated ginseng (FCG) and mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). However, little is known about differences in gene expression in ginseng roots between field cultivated and mountain cultivated ginseng. In order to investigate the whole transcriptome landscape of ginseng, we employed High-Throughput sequencing technologies using the Illumina HiSeqTM2500 system, and generated a large amount of sequenced transcriptome from ginseng roots. Approximately 77 million and 87 million high-quality reads were produced in the FCG and MCG roots transcriptome analyses, respectively, and we obtained 256,032 assembled unigenes with an average length of 1,171 bp by de novo assembly methods. Functional annotations of the unigenes were performed using sequence similarity comparisons against the following databases: the non-redundant nucleotide database, the InterPro domains database, the Gene Ontology Consortium database, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. A total of 4,207 unigenes were assigned to specific metabolic pathways, and all of the known enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were also identified in the KEGG library. This study indicated that alpha-glucan phosphorylase 1, putative pectinesterase/pectinesterase inhibitor 17, beta-amylase, and alpha-glucan phosphorylase isozyme H might be important factors involved in starch and sucrose metabolism between FCG and MCG in different environments.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

Objective : Phellinus spp. mushroom is an object of interest because it has excellent anticancer effect. Owing to the similalarities in the morphology, Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii are often used as same Sang Hwang Mushroom in the Korean market.. The quality control for mushrooms is needed because there are many differences in the efficacy according to cultivation method and cultivation area. Therefore, a reliable authentication method of these herbal medicine is necessary to compare and measure the amount of beta-glucan which is known to have a hypoglycemic effect, from the mushrooms collected in various regions Methods : 7 samples of medicinal mushrooms supplying phellinus spp. were collected in Korea, China and Cambodia. We investigated the hardness, colors, extract ratio, ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activities, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) expressions of water extracts from Phellinus spp and also MTT assay were examined for cell toxicity. Results : The results revealed that Phellinus spp.water Ext.inhibited ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activity. glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4), the key insulin signaling pathway transcription factor, was remarkably increased by the Phellinus baumii water extract Conclusions : These results suggest that The more yellowish the mushroom is, the lower the hardness, the more the content of ${\beta}-glucan$ is proportional. Because the more ${\beta}-glucan$, the greater the effect of hypoglycemia. compared to the hypoglycemic effect, Phellinus Baumii grown at hanging on selves for 7 month in the green house is the best.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.67-67
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• 2019

Vaccinium oldhamii (V. oldhamii) has been reported to exert a variety of the pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, and inhibitory activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase and acetylcholinesterase. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of V. oldhamii has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the stem extracts from V. oldhamii, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among VOS, VOL and VOF, the inhibitory effect of NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS was highest in VOS treatment. Thus, VOS was selected for the further study. VOS dose-dependently blocked LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. VOS inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. In addition, VOS suppressed TRAP activity and attenuated the expression of the osteoclast-specific genes such as NFATc1, c-FOS, TRAP, MMP-9, cathepsin K, CA2, OSCAR and ATPv06d2. VOS inhibited LPS-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling activation through blocking $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and p65 nuclear accumulation. VOS inhibited MAPK signaling activation by attenuating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, VOS inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and blocked ATF2 nuclear accumulation. From these findings, VOS has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.199-208
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• 1977

수종의 식물병원균(흰비단병균, 균핵병균, 좀검은균 핵병균)이 생산하는 가수분해산소(Cellulase Cx, Invertase, $\beta-amylase$, Xylanase, PMG, PG, Phosphatase, Protease)를 균계체내의 효소 및 배양여액내의 효소와 균핵내의 효소(좀검은균핵병균은 제외)로 나누어 그의 생산량과 pH에 따른 활성의 변화를 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 배양 10일후의 Cx활성은 균핵병균이 다른 균에 비하여 활성이 높았고 흰비단병균과 균핵병균은 산성측(pH 3.0 부근)에서, 좀검은균핵병균은 중성측(pH6.0 부근)에서 활성이 높았다. 2. 흰비단병균의 Invertase는 다른균에 비하여 약 20배정도 높은 활성을 보였고 3균주 모드 배양여액과 균계체간에 효소활성의 차가 인정되지 않았다. 3. Xylanase의 활성은 3균주 모두 균계체, 균핵 및 배양여액에 따라 또 pH에 따라 아주 다양한 변화를 나타냈고 균핵내에서 활성이 높았다. 4. $\beta-amylase$의 활성은 공시균중 좀검은균핵병균의 균계체, 배양여액이 가장 높았다. (약 12.0ug/min) 흰비단병균과 균핵병균ㅇ서는 균계체나 균핵에서 보다 배양여액에서 높았는데 활성최적pH는 균계체, 균핵 모두 pH 6.2였으나 배양여액에서는 흰비단 병균과 균핵병균이 pH3.0이었는데 반해 좀검은균핵병균은 pH6.2였다. 5. PMG의 활성은 공시균 모두 배양여액에서 높았고 균계체에서는 균핵병균과 좀검은균핵병균이 높았으며 활성최적 pH는 균에 따라 또는 측정부분에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 6. PG의 활성은 흰비단 병균과 균핵병균의 균계체에서 각각 9,1ug/min. 9.5ug/min으로서 가장 높았고 활성최적 pH는 흰비단병균이 pH4.5부근 균핵병균이 pH.3.0부근이었다. 7. 흰비단병균과 균핵병균의 Phosphatase는 산성측(최적 pH3.5)에서 활성이 높았고 좀검은 균핵 병균은 산성, 중성, 알카리측에서 각각 Peak가 나타났으나 최적 pH는 9.5였다. 8. 공시균주 모두 Protease는 pH 10.0에서 최고활성을 나타냈고 특히 좀검은균핵 병균의 배양여액내 효소활성이 높았다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1985

본시험(本試驗)은 우리나라에서 수도(水稻)에 큰 피해(被害)를 주는 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens $ST{\AA}L$)에 대(對)한 수도품종(水稻品種)의 저항성반응(抵抗性反應), 항충성(抗蟲性), 화학적성분(化學的成分), 효소(酵素)의 작용(作用)및 벼멸구의 선호성등(選好性等)을 분석(分析)하여 벼멸구에 대(對)한 수도품종(水稻品種)의 저항성기작(抵抗性機作)을 밝히고자 실시(實施)하였으며 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1 유묘(幼苗)의 저항성반응(抵抗性反應)에서 청청(靑靑)벼, 가야(伽倻)벼, 한강(漢江)찰벼, 삼강(三剛)벼, IR-36는 저항성(抵抗性), 남풍(南豊)벼, 영풍(永豊)벼는 중도저항성(中度抵抗性), 진흥(振興), 상풍(常豊)벼, 추청(秋晴)벼는 감수성(感受性)이었다. 2 선호성중(選好性中) 식이선호성(食餌選好性)은 감수성품종(感受性品種)에서 높았고, 저항성(抵抗性)과 중도저항성품종(中度抵抗性品種)에서 낮았다. 이상(以上)과같은 식이선호성(食餌選好性)은 충접종(蟲接種) 72시간이내(時間以內)에 검정(檢定)하여야 한다. 산란선호성(産卵選好性)은 감수성품종(感受性品種)에서 높았고, 저항성(抵抗性)과 중도저항성(中度抵抗性)에서는 낮았으나 이와같은 산란선호성(産卵選好性)은 감수성대조품종(感受性對照品種)과 공시품종(供試品種)을 각(各) 1본(本)씩 짝지어 충(蟲)을 접종(接種)하고 조사(調査)해야 진정(眞正)한 구별(區別)이 된다. 3. 항충성(抗蟲性)에서 감로배설량(甘露排泄量)은 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에서보다 감수성품종(感受性品種)에서 현저(顯著)히 많았다. 벼멸구의 Amylase 활성(活性)은 저항성(抵抗性)에서보다 감수성품종(感受性品種)에서 높았으며 접종시간(接種時間)의 경과(經過)에 따라 감수성품종(感受性品種)에서 그 변화(變化)가 컸다. 암컷성충(成蟲)의 체중(體重)은 수컷보다 무거웠으며 감수성(感受性)에서 사육(飼育)된 성충(成蟲)의 자웅평균체중(雌雄平均體重)은 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에서 사육(飼育)된 것보다 무거웠다. 차세대(次世代)의 밀도증식(密度增植)은 감수성(感受性)에서보다 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에서 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 4. 수도품종(水稻品種)의 화학적조성성분중(化學的組成成分中) $P_2O_5$, CaO, MgO, Hemicellulose, 엽록소(葉綠素)는 감수성(感受性)에서보다 저항성(抵抗性)에서 함량(含量)이 높았고, Acid detergent fiber, Lignin, Cellulose 는 감수성(感受性)에서 높았다. Esterase isozyme의 영동대(泳動帶)에 있어서 Est ${\beta}-2$는 IR-36을 제외(除外)한 저하성(抵抗性)과 중도저항성품종(中度抵抗性品種)에서, Est ${\beta}-3$는 IR-36에서만 검출(檢出)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로보아 벼멸구의 Amylase 활성정도(活性程度)와 수도(水稻)의 Estrase isozyme의 전기영동(電氣泳動)은 품종저항성(品種抵抗성)을 판정(判定)하는 새로운 방법(方法)으로 이용(利用)할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

홍화씨의 식품재료적 가치를 높이는 기초적 연구의 일환으로 추출용매와 볶음조건의 확립 및 유효성분 등을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 전처리조건에 따른 홍화씨 추출물의 고형분 함량은 60% ethanol 농도, 19$0^{\circ}C$에서 20분간 볶음 처리 구 및 amylogucosidase 처리구에서 매우 높은 함량의 고형분이 추출되었다. 총페놀 함량은 ehtanol의 농도가 증가함에 따라 큰 증가를 보였고 ethanol 농도 80%, 17$0^{\circ}C$, 30분과 21$0^{\circ}C$, 30분처리구 및 amyloglucosidase 처리구와 celluase 처리구에서 매우 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 flavonoid 함량은 80% ethanol 처리구, 21$0^{\circ}C$, 30분과 21$0^{\circ}C$, 20분 처리구 및 amyloglucosidase와 cellulase 처리구에서 매우 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 유리당 조성은 sucrose가 주요 당이었고 xylose와 araginose가 미량으로 확인되었으며, 주요 유기산으로는 citric, oxalic, malic 및 fumaric acid가 확인되었고, 60% ethanol처리구에서 대체적으로 많은 양의 유기산을 함유하고 있었다. 항산화 효과를 가지고 있는 serotonin 유도체인 serotonin(N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]ferulamide)과 serotonin II(N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide)의 함량은 ethanol의 농도가 증가함에 따라 높은 증가를 나타내었고, 특히 60% ethanol 용액에서 매우 높은 함량을 보였다. Acacetin의 함량은 볶음 온도와 시간의 증가에 따라 대체로 큰 폭으로 증가하였고 21$0^{\circ}C$, 30분 처리구에서 69.47mg%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다.