• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.583-588
• /
• 2004

In this paper we investigate the effect of a shield metal line inserted between adjacent bit lines on the refresh time and noise margin in a planar DRAM cell. The DRAM cell consists of an access transistor, which is biased to 2.5V during operation, and an NMOS capacitor having the capacitance of 10fF per unit cell and a cell size of $3.63{\mu}m^2$. We designed a 1Mb DRAM with an open bit-line structure. It appears that the refresh time is increased from 4.5 ms to 12 ms when the shield metal line is inserted. Also, it appears that no failure occurs when $V_{cc}$ is increased from 2.2 V to 3 V during a bump up test, while it fails at 2.8 V without a shield metal line. Raphael simulation reveals that the coupling noise between adjacent bit lines is reduced to 1/24 when a shield metal line is inserted, while total capacitance per bit line is increased only by 10%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.623-636
• /
• 2023

This study utilized small-scale physical model tests to investigate the impact of different types of geosynthetics, including geocell, planar geotextile, and wraparound geotextile, on the behaviour of strip footings placed on 0.8 m thick soil fills and backfills with a slope angle of 70°. Bearing capacity and settlement of the footing and failure mechanisms are discussed and evaluated. The results revealed that the bearing capacity of footings situated on both unreinforced and reinforced slopes increased with a greater embedment depth of the footing. For settlement ratios below 4%, the geocell reinforcement exhibited significantly higher stiffness, carrying greater loads and experiencing less settlement compared to the planar and wraparound geotextile reinforcements. However, the performance of geocell reinforcement was influenced by the number and length of the geocell layers. Increasing the geocell back length ratio from 0.44 to 0.84 significantly improved the bearing capacity of the footing located at the crest of the reinforced slope. Adequate reinforcement length, particularly for geocell, enhanced the bearing pressure of the footing and increased the stiffness of the slope, resulting in reduced deflections. Increasing the length of reinforcement also led to improved performance of the footing located on wraparound geotextile reinforced slopes. In all reinforcement cases, reducing the vertical spacing between reinforcement layers from 100 mm to 75 mm allowed the slope to withstand much greater loads.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2003

연구대상 사면은 충북 보은군 보은읍 도로공사구간 내의 절취사면으로 절취시공 후 암반사면내의 일부 구간에서 평면파괴로 인한 사면 붕괴가 발생하였다. 이 구간에서는 파괴면과 유사한 방향성을 갖는 불연속면이 암반사면 내에 다수 분포하여 추가 붕괴가 예상되는 불안정한 상태이다. 따라서, 본 사면에 대하여 암반사면의 안정성 해석에 보편적으로 사용되는 SMR, 평사투영법, 한계평형법 및 수치해석 등의 기법을 이용하여 사면의 안정성을 해석하였다. 사면의 안정성평가에 보편적으로 사용되는 한계평형법은 간단한 계산에 의해 사면의 안정성을 평가할 수 있는 장점이 있으나 파괴 활동면을 가정할 수 없는 단일 안전율에 의해 전체 사면의 안정성을 평가하는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 개별절리를 고려하여 사면의 안정성을 평가하는 전단강도 감소기법으로부터 안전율을 계산하였으며, 이를 한계평형해석의 결과와 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 또한 본 사면내에 지하수 영향을 고려하고 보강공법을 적용하여 종합적인 안정성을 검토하였다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2019

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of the use of spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in livers of children and young adults. Materials and Methods: Patients (${\leq}20$ years old) who underwent 3T SE-EPI MRE were included retrospectively. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the purpose of the liver MRI: suspicion of fatty liver or focal fat deposition in the liver (FAT group), liver fibrosis after receiving a Kasai operation from biliary atresia (BA group), and hepatic iron deposition after receiving chemotherapy or transfusions (IRON group). Technical failure of MRE was defined when a stiffness map showed no pixel value with a confidence index higher than 95%, and the patients were divided as success and failure groups accordingly. Clinical findings including age, gender, weight, height, and body mass index and magnetic resonance imaging results including proton density fat fraction (PDFF), $T2^*$, and MRE values were assessed. Factors affecting failure of MRE were evaluated and the image quality in wave propagation image and stiffness map was evaluated using the appropriate scores. Results: Among total 240 patients (median 15 years, 211 patients in the FAT, 21 patients in the BA, and 8 patients in the IRON groups), technical failure was noted in six patients in the IRON group (6/8 patients, 75%), while there were no failures noted in the FAT and BA groups. These six patients had $T2^*$ values ranging from 0.9 to 3.8 ms. The image quality scores were not significantly different between the FAT and BA groups (P > 0.999), while the scores were significantly lower in the IRON group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The 3T SE-EPI MRE in children and young adults had a high technical success rate. The technical failure was occurred in children with decreased $T2^*$ value (${\leq}3.8ms$) from iron deposition.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.319-328
• /
• 2020

This paper investigates the effect of the width of failure and tension crack (TC) on the stability of cohesive-frictional soil slopes in three dimensions. Working analytically, the slip surface and the tension crack are considered to have spheroid and cylindrical shape respectively, although the case of tension crack having planar, vertical surface is also discussed; the latter was found to return higher safety factor values. Because at the initiation of a purely rotational slide along a spheroid surface no shear forces develop inside the failure mass, the rigid body concept is conveniently used; in this respect, the validity of the rigid body concept is discussed, whilst it is supported by comparison examples. Stability tables are given for fully drained and fully saturated slopes without TC, with non-filled TC as well as with fully-filled TC. Among the main findings is that, the width of failure corresponding to the minimum safety factor value is not always infinite, but it is affected by the triggering factor for failure (e.g., water acting as pore pressures and/or as hydrostatic force in the TC). More specifically, it was found that, when a slope is near its limit equilibrium and under the influence of a triggering factor, the minimum safety factor value corresponds to a near spherical failure mechanism, even if the triggering factor (e.g., pore-water pressures) acts uniformly along the third dimension. Moreover, it was found that, the effect of tension crack is much greater when the stability of slopes is studied in three dimensions; indeed, safety factor values comparable to the 2D case are obtained.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2006년도 정기 학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.914-921
• /
• 2006

To describe the effect of the numerous and various oriented microcracks on the compressive and tensile concrete behaviors, the directional nonlocality is defined. The plasticity model using multiple failure criteria is developed for RC planar members in tension-compression. The crack damages are defined in the pre-determined reference orientations, and then the total crack damage is calculated by integrating multi-oriented crack damages. To describe the effect of directional nonlocality on the anisotropic tensile damage, based on the existing test results, the nonlocal damage factor is defined in each reference orientation. The reduced compressive strength in the cracked concrete is defined by the multi-oriented crack damages defined as excluding the tensile normal plastic strain from the compressive equivalent plastic strain. The proposed model is implemented to finite element analysis, and it is verified by comparisons with various existing panel test results.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.189-197
• /
• 2002

최근 들어 확률론적 해석 방법이 암반사면공학에서 많이 사용되고 있으며 이는 불연속면과 암반의 지질학적 및 지반공학적 특성에 불확실성이 포함되며 이러한 불확실성에 의해 해석결과에 영향을 미치고 있기 때문이다. 암반사면의 안정성 해석에서 주로 사용되고 있는 전통적인 결정론적인 해석에서는 이러한 불확실성을 해석에 고려하기 어려운 반면 확률론적 해석에서는 불확실성을 수량화하여 해석에 고려할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 확률론적 해석방법으로는 몬테카를로 방법이 주로 사용되고 있으나 방법은 파괴확률을 획득하기 위하여 많은 반복된 계산이 요구되며 따라서 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하다는 단점을 가지고 이다. 반면 본 연구에서 제안된 점추정법은 확률변수의 통계적 파라미터, 즉, 평균과 표준편차만을 이용하여 단순한 계산을 통해 파괴확률을 구할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 점추정법을 이용하여 평면파괴의 파괴확률을 산정하였으며 이를 몬테카를로 방법과 비교해 보았다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.653-671
• /
• 2023

In practice, the interference influence caused by adjacent footings of structures on geo-reinforced loose soil has a considerable impact on their behavior. Thus, the goal of this study is to evaluate the behavior of two strip footings in close proximity on both geocell and geogrid reinforced soil with different reinforcement layers. Geocell was made from geogrid material used to compare the performance of cellular and planar reinforcement on the bearing pressure of twin footings. Extensive experimental tests have been performed to attain the optimum embedment depth and vertical distance between reinforcement layers. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis has been conducted to monitor the deformation, tilting and movement of soil particles beneath and between twin footings. Results of tests and PIV technique were verified using finite element modeling (FEM) and the results of both PIV and FEM were used to utilize failure mechanisms and influenced shear strain around the loading region. The results show that the performance of twin footings on geocell-reinforced sand at allowable and ultimate settlement ranges are almost 4% and 25% greater than the same twin footings on the same geogrid-reinforced sand, respectively. By increasing the distance between twin footings, soil particle displacements become smaller than the settlement of the foundations.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2009

풍화작용은 암석의 물리적 및 화학적 특성을 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라 공학적 특성에도 영향을 미친다. 대개 풍화는 암석의 밀도 및 강도, 내부마찰각과 점착력 등을 감소시키며 이로 인해 암석으로 구성된 사면의 안정성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 풍화등급에 따른 암반 사면의 안정성을 분석하여 풍화가 사면의 안정성에 미치는 영향을 분석해 보았다. 이를 위하여 암반사면의 안정성에 가장 주요한 영향을 미치는 불연속면 시료를 풍화등급별로 채취하여 공학적인 특성의 변화를 분석하였다. 이러한 결과를 활용하여 신선한 암반으로 구성된 사면과 풍화된 암반으로 구성된 사면의 안전율을 산정하였다. 신선한 암반의 경우 안전율이 1.25로 안전한 것으로 분석되었으며 풍화된 암반의 경우 안전율이 1.0으로 계산되었다. 그러나 이렇게 산정된 안전율은 값의 분산이 심한 불연속면 거칠기 계수(JRC)와 잔류마찰각에 따라 심하게 변동되고 있어 안전율로 사면의 안정성을 정확하게 파악하기 힘든 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 불연속면 거칠기 계수(JRC)와 잔류마찰각이 일정한 범위 내에 분포한다는 점에 착안하여 확률변수로 고려하였으며 확률론적 해석을 수행하였다. 확률론적 해석 결과 신선한 암반에서의 파괴확률은 25.6%로 계산되어 매우 불안정한 것으로 파악되었으며 풍화된 암반의 경우는 45.9%의 파괴확률이 획득되었다. 현장으로부터 획득된 자료들의 분산으로 인해 결정론적 해석기법은 사면의 안정성을 평가하는 데 부적절한 것으로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.641-651
• /
• 2017

Ground improvement with use of geosynthetic products is globally accepted now. The present paper discusses the improvement in bearing capacity of square footing placed at surface of cohesionless soil reinforced with geocell. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion has been used in the observations. To study effects of geocell with respect to planar geogrid, model tests were conducted on planar reinforcement also. A comparative study of unreinforced soil and soil reinforced with plane geogrid and geocell has also been made. Numerical analysis results obtained by PLaxis have been compared with those obtained from model tests and were found to be in good agreement. A parametric study revealed the role of length of reinforcement, spacing between layers, placement of reinforcement from top surface etc. on bearing capacity. A design example given in paper illustrates the savings in cost of construction of footing on reinforced sand. The study shows that there is improvement in bearing capacity with respect to unreinforced soil which is of the order of 86%. Similarly settlement reduction is 13.07% for single layer of geocell which for double layers of geocell is 693% and 86.48% respectively. The cost reduction in case of reinforced soil is 35% as compared to unreinforced soil.