• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1133-1139
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities of extracts from various parts of the pine tree, which is known as a good source of functional food material. While ethanol extraction yields of pine bud and cone were higher than water extraction yields of pine bud and cone, water extraction yield of pine needle was higher than ethanol extraction yield of the pine needle. The content of polyphenols in the pine cone ethanol extract was 5 times higher than that in the pine bud and needle. Further, the content of flavonoids in the pine cone ethanol extract was 8 times higher than that in the pine bud and needle. DPPH radical scavenging effect of the pine cone ethanol extract was 3~5 times higher that of the pine bud and needle extract. Regardless of the extraction solvents, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the pine cone were stronger than those of the other parts of the pine tree. Taken together, it can be expected that the pine cone can be practically used as an antioxidant substance in food and beauty industries.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2008

Based on the former researches, this article studied the influence of cone harvesting of Korean pine on the regeneration of Korean pine trees and the life of animals in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve. When the cone matures, scales of the cone do not open so the seeds can not be released automatically. And the seeds, if left inside, are hard to germinate and can not grow further into seedlings. The seeds of Korean pine have deep dormancy characteristics. Natural regeneration of Korean pine is very poor under mother trees. Hoarding behavior of dispersing animals not only helps animals for food shortage period but also contributes to the dispersion of seeds of Korean pine. Among those hoarding animals, squirrel and Eurasian nutcrackers are found to be the most important dispersing agents for the seeds of Korean pine. After cone harvesting, the number of those dispersers reduced a lot since the seeds of Korean pine are very important food for them. Seed quantity of Korean pine on surface layer became very few and most of them only showed single distribution. Most of the seeds were buried under litter layer and showed a single or 2-4 seeds/cluster distribution. The case of more than 4 seeds in one cluster was few. The seed quantity of Korean pine forest on steep slopes of the research area was only 0.3% of the seed quantity in 1980 for the same forest type. If seed source of Korean pine are not protected, Korean pine forest in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve would not maintain present feature in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.26 no.2_2
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• pp.285-291
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• 2023

In this paper, in order to secure the safety and productivity of pine cone harvest, modeling and structural analysis of the hammering system for pine cone harvest drone that can easily access pine cone of Pinus koraiensis and collide with them to harvest them was performed. It calculate the equivalent stress for the structure of the hammering system and the yield strength of the applied material by applying the shear force of the stalk at which the pine cone is separated from the branch, and it is to verify the safety of the structure and propose an optimal design through appropriate factor of safety and design change. The shear force of the stalk at which the pine cone was separated from the branch was 468 N, and was applied to both ends of the hammering system. The yield strength of SS400 steel used in the hammering system is 245 ㎫, and the design change and structural analysis were performed so that the Von Mises stress could be less than 122.5 ㎫ by applying the factor of safety of 2.0 or more. As a result of the structural analysis of the frist modeling, the Von Mises stress was 220.3 ㎫, the factor of safety was 1.12, and the stress was concentrated in the screw fastening holes. As a result of the design change of the screw fastening holes, the Von Mises stress was 169.4 ㎫, the factor of safety was 1.45, and the stress was concentrated on the side part. As a result of the design change by changing screw fastening holes and adding ribs, the Von Mises stress was 121.6 ㎫, and the factor of safety was 2.02. The safety of the hammering system was secured with an optimal design with little change in mass. There was no deformation or damage as a result of experimenting on pine cone harvest by manufacturing the hammering system with an optimal design.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 1991

The cone and seed production of pitch pine were investigated at two areas(songtan and yangdong) located in kyounggi province. Bymeans of formulas derived from both the regression analysis between the number of seeds and cone length, and between d2·h and number of cones, cone and seed production were estimated. The correlation coefficient value between the number of seeds and cone length was high(r=0.6134). The cone and seed production of pitch pine has a high relationship to the variables-dbh, tree aga , and height of tree. The cone production of pitchpine forest estimated by the formula log(o+s+y+c)=0.581 log(d2·h)-1.317 was 965,832/ha in 1985∼1986, 850,852/ha in 1986∼1987 at songtan, and 462,794/ha in 1985∼1986,916,965/ha in 1986∼1987 at yangdong.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

The pathological condition of excessive melanogenesis causing freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer has a critical impact on the wellness of individuals. The mechanism of melanogenesis is related to the expression of melanogenic enzymes. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of pine cone (Pinus densiflora) extracts on melanogenesis. P. densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species in the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. P. densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones are rarely used as natural raw materials, although they contain many bioactive phytochemicals. The pine cone ethyl acetate fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to B16F10 cells at a concentration of less than $100{\mu}g/mL$. PEF inhibited the expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related factors in B16F10 cells treated with 3-Isobutyl1-methylxanthine (IBMX). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural melanogenesis inhibitory agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1342-1348
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• 2014

Seeds of Korean pine cone (Pinus koraiensis) have long been consumed as an edible food in countries located in North-East Asia, On the other hand, Korean pine cone, containing various polyphenols, is discarded as a useless garbage after removing seeds. This study investigated the lipolytic effects of pine cone extract in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil red O staining, free glycerol release by colorimetric reaction, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism by real-time PCR. Compared to control, pine cone extract reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by 8.8% and increased free glycerol release by 8.2% a concentration of $5{\mu}g/mL$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis were not significantly different between control and pine cone extract, but mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) significantly increased by 38.7% and 94.1% at a concentration of $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Thus, pine cone extract is suggested to have lipolytic effects through induction of LPL and HSL gene expression.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of diet supplementation with pine cone extracts (pine cone ethanol extract: PCEE; pine cone ethanol-hexane extract: PCEHE) on growth performance, digestive organ characteristics and intestinal microbiota of semi-broiler. Twenty two-weeks-old semi-broilers were divided into four dietary groups (n=5/group; control(-): no antibiotics and pine cone extracts; control(+): 2% antibiotics [20 g/kg basal diet]; PCEE: 2% PCEE [20 g/kg basal diet]; PCEHE: 2% PCEHE [20 g/kg basal diet]). Chicks were reared and their diets were supplemented accordingly for 16 days. Final weight, weight gain and feed intake were lowest (P<0.05) in semi-broilers whose diet was supplemented with pine cone extracts, but both PCEE and PCEHE groups showed lower (P<0.05) feed conversion ratios compared to the control(-) group. Gizzard and small intestinal weight were also lower (P<0.05) in both PCEE and PCEHE groups than in the control(-) group. Intestinal length and villus height were similar for all treatments. Furthermore, cecal microbiota was not improved by PCEE and PCEHE supplementation. These findings suggest that diet supplementation with pine cone extracts improves the feed conversion ratio and affects the digestive organ weight of semi-broilers.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.308-311
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• 2010

Porous SiC samples were prepared with three types of wood (poplar, pine, big cone pine) by simply embedding the wood charcoal in a powder mixture of Si and $SiO_2$ at 1600 and $1700^{\circ}C$. The basic engineering properties such as density, porosity, pore size and distribution, and strength were characterized. The samples showed full conversion to mostly $\beta$-SiC with good retention of the cellular structure of the original wood. More rigid SiC struts were developed for $1700^{\circ}C$. They showed similar bulk density ($0.5{\sim}0.6\;g/cm^3$) and porosity (81~84%) irrespective of the type of wood. The poplar sample showed three pore sizes (1, 8, $60\;{\mu}m$) with a main size of $60\;{\mu}m$. The pine sample showed a single pore size ($20\;{\mu}m$). The big cone pine sample showed two pore sizes (10, $80\;{\mu}m$) with a main size of $10\;{\mu}m$. The bend strength was 2.5 MPa for poplar, 5.7 MPa for pine, 2.8 MPa for big cone pine, indicating higher strength with pine.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2019

Pinus densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species of the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. Pinus densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones contain many bioactive phytochemicals, but they are rarely used as natural raw materials. This study was conducted to evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of pine cone extracts and its possbility of natural sources were evaluated. Pine cones were extracted with 80% methanol, concentrated and then partitioned with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was used as a sample. The Pine cone Ethyl acetate Fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of less than $50{\mu}g/ml$. PEF inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Also, It suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural material for anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.516-524
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• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.