• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.144-150
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• 2016

An apartment house with a pilotis that raises the architectural volume and provides a space for circulation is becoming popular. With the popularity of pilotis in apartment houses, people also have a keen interest in the potential fire risk at the pilotis. As residents can only access their apartment house through the pilotis, there is a risk to the occupants if there is fire there. Therefore, this study evaluated the pilotis fire cases of urban multifamily housing to conduct a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Fire Evacuation Simulation (FES). Through these two simulation methods, it is possible to validate the riskiness of fire at an apartment with a pilotis. The study identified that the toxic gases and flame spread out to the pilotis within hundred seconds after ignition. In addition, the toxic gases and flame also reach the second floor within three seconds and the entire building within 735 seconds if the entrance doors at the pilotis are opened. On the other hand, the FES simulation results showed that it also takes about approximately 609 seconds to excavate from the apartment house with a pilotis. Therefore, this research shows that an apartment house with a pilotis can ensure the building occupants' lives and their safety if there is fire.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

This study investigates the design features of pilotis applied to 20 high-rise apartment housings in Korea, completed between January 2000 and August 2005. It analyzes the design characteristics of pilotis on the basis of its spatial configuration and the residents' behavior and suggests the directions of pilotis design in the future. The study finds the followings. 1) The pilotis spaces in foreign apartment housings are used mainly for communal functions such as the passages between buildings for both pedestrians and vehicles. Compared with this public use of pilotis in foreign counterparts, the pilotis spaces in Korean apartment housings are semi-private and have multiple purposes. 2) The pilotis design can be classified on the basis of the spatial configuration elements and the patterns of residents' behavior. The spatial configuration elements consist of ceiling, column, wall, and floor; the residents' behavior can be classified as viewing, resting and playing, driving and parking, and keeping privately-owned objects such as motorcycle and bicycle. 3) Two spatial configuration elements, the wall and the ceiling and two behavioral patterns, 'resting and playing' and 'viewing' are getting more attention by designers in the apartment housings analyzed in this study.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.194-203
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to look into a Pilotis as a space of flow in Le Corbusier's works. The first of his principals, "pilotis" shown in "5 principals in new architecture" represents the articulated relationship between architecture and site. The study is based on the flow concept of Pilotis regarding especially its functional, environmental, and visual perspective. Le Corbusier describes his architecture as a circulation representing the modern society. The Pilotis space is often reserved for this circulation while this space is also suggested as a place for the leisure or the garden uninterrupted. So it seems to be meaningful to find out the real usage of the Pilotis space in Le Corbusier's work in order to clarify the relationship between the articulated space and its use proposed. The second question is concerning to the Pilotis space as a space of flow of the light and the air. This issue is not only related to the plastic aspects of the buildings, but also caused from the social, or environmental problematic of those days. Finally, the continuity of the regard is one of the most important characteristics derived from the raised volume by Pilotis.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of Pilotis space in the elementary school and its problems and to explore some improvement scheme. The subjects of this research include the elementary schools in Deajeon, Chungju city which have been established since 1990 when the pilotis first introduced. It would be the effect of the decrease of site area and the increase of total floor area of elementary school. In this situation, this study aimed to figure out the characteristics of pilotis according to their types- Entrance type, Courtyard link type, Hybrid type- throughout the questionnaire, interview, and document analysis. The investigative situation was performed by employing a sample survey of 9 schools whose types were different from each other. The sample survey compared and evaluated scale, location, functions of Pilotis, the physical elements of types, connections with surrounding circumstances and the use under each condition. This study found that the use of pilotis at the elementary schools was inclined to the user, the teachers usually use pilotis only for passage, while the students use it in many ways according to the individual property. Pilotis space represent the differences in satisfaction and utility according to its type. To improve the relationship of users at the pilotis space, Courtyard link type is to be suggested and also it needs enough area as possible. In this way the pilotis type of elementary school gives great effect to the quality and function for better usage of this space.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.5-10
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• 2010

This study aims to find out the present conditions of pilotis space, and the usage and requests of it by residents as to suggest the direction in planning pilotis spaces in apartment housing. This study selected six apartment complexes, and conducted case-studies and surveys of them. The study findings are as follows. 1) The types of pilotis spaces of the apartment housing can be categorized into an entry type, a community type, a recreational type, a bicycle storage type, a pedestrian passage type, a parking type, and a visual passage type. As a result of studying the present conditions, pilotis spaces of a recreational type were the most, and a community type and a parking type were not found. It was found that diverse types of pilotis spaces need to be planned in consideration of the characteristics of an apartment complex and its residents. 2) As for residents' time spent in using the pilotis space, they spent little time. This can be attributed to the fact that most pilotis spaces were designed only with simple flat benches, and gazebos, which seemingly failed to draw residents' attention. Therefore, the spaces need to be planned for diverse purposes after examining residents' needs, which can include indoor exercise equipments and children's play facilities. 3) Regarding the residents' requests about pilotis spaces in the apartment housing, the most widely requested was using it as a community space. Also, many requested to use it as a library, and a children's play space. Therefore, it needs to be considered to plan the pilotis space for providing diverse programs.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.23-30
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• 2018

Gordon Cullen, who tried to understand urban landscapes in terms of visual attention, introduced a concept called 'Space and Infinity' in his book 'Townscape'. According to him, urban images like infinity spreading across the sky are more effectively created when we happen to see an open space while walking along a ground-level street than when we look at the sky. This study aims to quantitatively examine if urban observers pay more attention to spaces like pilotis on the bottom of a building. Thus, this study collected observers on actual urban landscape images and partially-edited images and conducted an experiment by adopting Eye-movement Tracking to find out if they actually pay more visual attention to a space like pilotis. This study selected a total of 50 people as research subjects and divided them into two groups. Image 1 was shown to one group, and Image 2 with the pilotis space edited was shown to the other group. As an experiment to find objective evidences on Gordon Cullen's 'Space and Infinity', this study analyzed difference between Image 1 and Image 2, and it was found that the domain of pilotis showed a value five times higher than the average visual attention since it attracted much visual attention although it was very small in area. That is, it has objectively clarified that people get most fascinated with a place with infinite images in the background like a pilotis space out of all the urban landscapes as Gordon Cullen's theory. In addition, the differences in visual concentration of pilotis space by sex, by subject was examined, and there was no significant difference in visual concentration of pilotis space by gender. As a result of examining the difference of visual concentration by classifying the subjects into architectural related major, the major group showed higher frequency of viewing than the non - major group.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

Various pilotis are installed in the lower part of high rise buildings. Strong winds can generate sudden airflow around the pilotis, which can cause unexpected internal airflow changes and may cause damage to the exterior of the piloti ceiling. The present study investigates the characteristics of peak wind pressure coefficient for the design of piloti ceiling exteriors by conducting wind pressure tests on high rise buildings equipped with penetration-type and end-type pilotis in urban and suburban areas. The minimum peak wind pressure coefficient for penetration-type piloti ceilings ranges from -2.0 to -3.3. Minimum peak wind pressure coefficient in urban areas was 30% larger than in suburban areas. In end-type piloti ceilings, maximum peak wind-pressure coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 1.9, and minimum peak wind-pressure coefficient ranges from -1.3 to -3.6. With changes in building height, peak wind pressure coefficient decreases as the aspect ratio increases. Peak wind-pressure coefficient increases with taller pilotis. On the other hand, when piloti height decreases, the absolute value of the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient increases.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

Various types of pilotis frames are used on the ground level of high-rise buildings. In some cases, their interior finishing is destroyed by strong winds or typhoons. In the case of a corner pilotis, the peak wind pressure coefficients were greater on the ceiling than they were on the wall for all wind angles. Specifically, on the ceiling portion of a pilotis, the coefficient increased gradually from the outside to the inside in a symmetrical form that centered on the corner edge. However, the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was greater at the center of the ceiling than it was on the edge of the pilotis' interior. Additionally, the higher the height of the pilotis, the greater the peak wind pressure coefficient was due to the turbulent flow that occurs within a pilotis. In this study, we evaluated peak wind pressures to design an interior finishing for the end edge of a pilotis and for corner piloti. In terms of specific wind angles, the maximum and minimum peak wind pressure coefficients were each observed. They were a maximum of $320^{\circ}$ and a minimum of $270^{\circ}$ for corner piloti and $0^{\circ}$ and $270^{\circ}$, respectively, for the end edge piloti.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the air ventilation system in apartment houses focused on the air circulation and pilotis. The air ventilation system is used with the data which were obtained by the environmental health, urban climate, air pollution, ventilation path. The architectural element was pilotis concept connected with piloti ratio, piloti position and piloti type. The summaries of this study were as follows; 1) the well-being apartment concept, 2) the heat island phenomenon, 3) the oxygen density of air, 4) the definition of ventilation path, 5) the pilotis connected with residential environment improvement. In addition, the detailded case study to the air ventilation system in apartment houses be needed.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.3-10
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• 2019

On November 15, 2017, an earthquake($M_L5.4$) occurred in Pohang. Pohang earthquake was the second largest earthquake since earthquake was observed in Korea, but structural damage caused by earthquake was biggest. Structural damage caused by Pohang earthquake was mainly caused by schools and pilotis, above all damage to pilotis was outstanding. This is because area where pilotis structures are concentrated is located near epicenter, and seismic performance of pilotis structures is not excellent compared with general structures. In this study, described results of damage investigation and analysis of damage causes through analysis of pilotis Structures on 131 buildings that were investigated immediately after Pohang earthquake. In addition, cause of damage was analyzed through analysis of seismic wave. Investigation site was selected to Jangseong-dong, where damage occurred in large numbers. Damage level was classified into A, B, and C level by measuring residual crack width and story drift of structural members.