• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.188-197
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• 2010

This paper presents experimental results of a series of 1-g shaking table model tests performed on end-bearing single piles and pile groups to investigate the effect of particle size on the dynamic behavior of soil-pile systems. Two soil-pile models consisting of a single-pile and a $4{\times}2$-pile group were tested twice; first using Jumoonjin sand, and second using Australian Fine sand, which has a smaller particle size. In the case of single-pile models, the lateral displacement was almost within 1% of pile diameter which corresponds to the elastic range of the pile. The back-calculated p-y curves show that the subgrade reaction of the Jumoonjin-sand-model ground was larger than that of the Australian Fine-sand-model ground at the same displacement. This phenomenon means that the stress-strain behavior of Jumoonjin sand was initially stiffer than that of Australian Fine sand. This difference was also confirmed by resonant column tests and compression triaxial tests. And the single pile p-y backbone curves of the Australian fine sand were constructed and compared with those of the Jumoonjin sand. As a result, the stiffness of the p-y backbone curves of Jumunjin sand was larger than those of Australian fine sand. Therefore, using the same p-y curves regardless of particle size can lead to inaccurate results when evaluating dynamic behavior of soil-pile system. In the case of the group-pile models, the lateral displacement was much larger than the elastic range of pile movement at the same test conditions in the single-pile models. The back-calculated p-y curves in the case of group pile models were very similar in both sands because the stiffness difference between the Jumoonjin-sand-model ground and the Australian Fine-sand-model ground was not significantly large at a large strain level, where both sands showed non-linear behavior. According to a series of single pile and group pile test results, the evaluation group pile effect using the p-multiplier can lead to inaccurate results on dynamic behavior of soil-pile system.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2005

비선형 말뚝두부강성을 고려한 3차원 군말뚝기초 해석기법(YSGroup)을 개발하였으며 이를 기타 해석기법들(탄성 변위법, Croup 6.0, FBPier 3.0)과 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 본 해석기법은 말뚝캡을 평면쉘요소로, 교각은 3차원 보요소로, 그리고 개개 말뚝들은 보-기둥요소로 모델링 하였다. 교각 상단에 수평하중을 받는 $2\times2$배열 군말뚝기초에서 지반을 선형으로 가정한 경우를 대상으로 탄성변위법, Group 6.0, FBPier 3.0, 그리고 본 해석기법(YSGroup)을 이용하여 해석한 결과, 본 해석기법과 탄성변위법, Group 6.0은 서로 유사한 말뚝두부변위가 산정되었으나 FBPier 3.0는 다소 큰변위가 산정되었다. 지반의 비선형성이 고려된 상부구조물(교각)의 변위는 본 해석기법(YSGroup)과 FBPier 3.0을 통해 산정 가능하였는데, 이는 본 해석기법과 FBPier 3.0은 유한요소법을 이용하여 상부구조물을 직접 모델링하였기 때문이다. 말뚝두부조건이 힌지조건인 경우의 군말뚝은 말뚝캡의 과다한 회전이 발생할 가능성이 큼을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 지반-말뚝 상호작용을 고려한 동해석을 위한 해석기법의 제안과 이의 검증을 위한 진동실험을 실시하였다. 일정한 가속도에서 단독말뚝과 중심간격 2.5d(d=직경)인 2$\times$2 군말뚝의 휨모멘트 값을 측정한 결과 주파수에 관계없이 지표면으로부터 깊이 4d 미만에서 단독말뚝과 군말뚝의 휨모멘트값이 최대가 되었으며 그 값은 단독, 군말뚝 모두 일치하였으나 지표면으로부터 깊이 4d이하에서는 단독말뚝은 군말쪽에 비해 휨모멘트 값이 커지는 경향을 보였다. 진동대 실험에서 측정한 입력가속도를 수치해석에서 지진가속도로 하여 해석한 결과 단독말뚝과 군말뚝 모두 지표면으로부터 4d 미만의 상부부분에서는 실험값과 비슷한 결과를 얻었으나 군말뚝의 경우 지표면으로부터 4d 이상의 부분에서는 실험 값과는 상이한 결과를 얻었다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.455-483
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• 2018

The study deals with physical modeling of a typical three storeyed building frame supported by a pile group of four piles ($2{\times}2$) embedded in cohesive soil mass using three dimensional finite element analysis. For the purpose of modeling, the elements such as beams, slabs and columns, of the superstructure frame; and that of the pile foundation such as pile and pile cap are descretized using twenty noded isoparametric continuum elements. The interface between the pile and the soil is idealized using sixteen node isoparametric surface element. The soil elements are modeled using eight nodes, nine nodes and twelve node continuum elements. The present study considers the linear elastic behaviour of the elements of superstructure and substructure (i.e., foundation). The soil is assumed to behave non-linear. The parametric study is carried out for studying the effect of soil- structure interaction on response of the frame on the premise of sub-structure approach. The frame is analyzed initially without considering the effect of the foundation (non-interaction analysis) and then, the pile foundation is evaluated independently to obtain the equivalent stiffness; and these values are used in the interaction analysis. The spacing between the piles in a group is varied to evaluate its effect on the interactive behaviour of frame in the context of two embedment depth ratios. The response of the frame included the horizontal displacement at the level of each storey, shear force in beams, axial force in columns along with the bending moments in beams and columns. The effect of the soil- structure interaction is observed to be significant for the configuration of the pile groups and in the context of non-linear behaviour of soil.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.337-356
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 3차원 유한요소해석을 실시하여 사용 중인 단독말뚝 및 군말뚝의 측면에서 실시된 터널굴착에 의한 말뚝의 거동을 분석하였다. 수치해석에서는 터널굴착으로 유발된 말뚝-지반 경계면에서의 전단응력전이를 미끄러짐(slip)을 고려할 수 있는 접촉요소(interface element)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 말뚝-지반경계면에서의 전단응력, 말뚝의 축력 및 지반 및 말뚝의 변형에 대한 분석을 포함한다. 탄성이론에 근거한 기존의 연구는 말뚝의 거동에 영향을 미치는 주요인자들을 적절히 고려하지 못하여 말뚝의 거동을 명확하게 분석할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 터널굴착으로 유발된 말뚝-지반 사이에서의 전단응력전이로 인하여 말뚝인접 지반의 전단응력 및 말뚝의 축력분포가 크게 변하는 것으로 나타났는데, 터널 springline 상부에서는 하향의 마찰력이 발생하였으며, 그 하부에서는 상향의 저항력이 발현되어 말뚝에는 압축력이 발생하였다. 경계면에서의 전단응력 발현정도는 말뚝-지반의 상호거동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 군말뚝의 축력분포에 대한 분석결과 단독말뚝에 비해 터널굴착의 영향을 덜 받는 것으로 나타났다. 터널굴착으로 유발된 말뚝의 침하와 관련된 말뚝의 겉보기 지지력 감소는 크지 않은 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.169-189
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 Shield TBM 터널 근접 시공으로 인한 기 존재하는 단독말뚝 및 군말뚝의 공학적 거동을 파악하기 위해 다양한 보강조건을 고려한 3차원 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석에서는 말뚝 절단, 지반보강 및 기초판 보강을 고려하여 말뚝의 거동을 분석하였으며, 터널굴착으로 유발되는 지반침하, 말뚝두부 침하, 말뚝의 축력 및 말뚝-지반 사이 경계면에서 발생하는 전단응력을 고찰하였다. 말뚝선단이 풍화암에 지지되는 모든 말뚝에서는 전단응력의 분포가 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 말뚝선단이 절단되는 말뚝의 경우 말뚝의 상대적 위치에 따라 인장력 혹은 압축력이 동시에 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 말뚝선단이 풍화암에 지지된 경우 약 70%가 주면마찰력에 지지되며, 나머지 약 30%가 말뚝선단에 지지되는 것으로 분석되었다. 추가적으로 보강을 고려하지 않은 말뚝의 경우 그라우팅 보강을 실시한 말뚝에 비해 최종침하가 약 70% 크게 발생하였다. 말뚝선단 절단 및 보강조건 유무에 따라 지반 침하와 말뚝 침하가 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었으며, 본 연구를 통해 말뚝절단, 지반보강 및 기초판 보강 조건에 따른 단독말뚝 및 군말뚝의 거동에 영향을 미치는 주요인자를 심도있게 고찰하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.515-518
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• 2010

Horizontal forces may form a major part of the loading system for structures supported on pile groups. It is known that during a strong earthquake, the dynamic behavior of a group-pile foundation is related not only to the inertial force coming from the superstructures but also to the deformation of the surrounding ground. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the behaviors of the group-pile foundations and superstructures during major earthquakes. In this paper, numerical simulation of real-scale group-pile foundation subjected to horizontal cyclic loading is conducted by using a program named as DBLEAVES. In the analysis, nonlinear behaviors of ground and piles are described by cyclic mobility model and axial force dependent model (AFD model). The purpose of this paper is to prove availability of the analysis method by comparing numerical results and test results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.433-445
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• 2020

A new code, called PRaFULL (Piled Raft Foundation Under Lateral Load), was developed for the analysis of laterally loaded Combined Pile Raft Foundation (CPRF). The proposed code considers the contribution offered by the raft-soil contact and the interactions between all the CPRF system components. The nonlinear behaviour of the reinforced concrete pile and the soil are accounted. As shallower soil layers are of great relevance in the lateral response of a pile foundation, PRaFULL includes the possibility to consider layered soil profiles with appropriate properties. The shadowing effect on the ultimate soil pressure is accounted, when dealing with pile groups, as proposed by the Strain Wedge Model. PRaFULL BEM code obviously requires less computational resources compared to FEM (Finite Element Method) or FDM (Finite Difference Method) codes. The proposed code was validated in the linear elastic range by comparisons with the code APRAF (Analysis of Piled Raft Foundations). The reliability of the procedure to predict piled raft performance was then verified in nonlinear range by comparisons with both centrifuge tests and computer code PRAB.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.529-545
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• 2023

The coupled soil-pile-structure seismic response is recently in the spotlight of researchers because of its extensive applications in the different fields of engineering such as bridges, offshore platforms, wind turbines, and buildings. In this paper, a simple analytical model is developed to evaluate the dynamic performance of seismically isolated bridges considering triple interactions of soil, piles, and bridges simultaneously. Novel expressions are proposed to present the dynamic behavior of pile groups in inhomogeneous soils with various shear modulus along with depth. Both cohesive and cohesionless soil deposits can be simulated by this analytical model with a generalized function of varied shear modulus along the soil depth belonging to an inhomogeneous stratum. The methodology is discussed in detail and validated by rigorous dynamic solution of 3D continuum modeling, and time history analysis of centrifuge tests. The proposed analytical model accuracy is guaranteed by the acceptable agreement between the experimental/numerical and analytical results. A comparison of the proposed linear model results with nonlinear centrifuge tests showed that during moderate (frequent) earthquakes the relative differences in responses of the superstructure and the pile cap can be ignored. However, during strong excitations, the response calculated in the linear time history analysis is always lower than the real conditions with the nonlinear behavior of the soil-pile-bridge system. The current simple and efficient method provides the accuracy and the least computational costs in comparison to the full three-dimensional analyses.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.95-110
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• 2014

The study deals with physical modeling of space frame-pile foundation and soil system using finite element models. The superstructure frame is analyzed using complete three-dimensional finite element method where the component of the frame such as slab, beam and columns are descretized using 20 node isoparametric continuum elements. Initially, the frame is analyzed assuming the fixed column bases. Later the pile foundation is worked out separately wherein the simplified models of finite elements such as beam and plate element are used for pile and pile cap, respectively. The non-linear behaviour of soil mass is incorporated by idealizing the soil as non-linear springs using p-y curve along the lines similar to that by Georgiadis et al. (1992). For analysis of pile foundation, the non-linearity of soil via p-y curve approach is incorporated using the incremental approach. The interaction analysis is conducted for the parametric study. The non-linearity of soil is further incorporated using iterative approach, i.e., secant modulus approach, in the interaction analysis. The effect the various parameters of the pile foundation such as spacing in a group and configuration of the pile group is evaluated on the response of superstructure owing to non-linearity of the soil. The response included the displacement at the top of the frame and bending moment in columns. The non-linearity of soil increases the top displacement in the range of 7.8%-16.7%. However, its effect is found very marginal on the absolute maximum moment in columns. The hogging moment decreases by 0.005% while sagging moment increases by 0.02%.