• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 1989

Mitochondria in L. edodes were separated and purified by stepped sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In our previous work, we have found that the activation wavelengths of the mitochondrial ATPase and ATP synthase were 680 nm and 470 nm within the range of 400-700 nm, respectively. The activities of the above enzymes with wavelengths of 300-400 nm region were investigated. The mitochondrial ATPase and ATP synthase were stimulated at 380 nm and 330 nm, respectively, for 30 min illumination compared with dark control group. They, however, were inhibited at 330 nm and 350 nm, respectively. The presence of FAD resulted in inhibition of the activity of the ATPase and stimulation of the activity of the ATP synthase by the activation and inhibition wavelengths. However, the activities of these enzymes were not changed by NADH for the above wavelengths. In the spectral properties, the oxidation of $FADH_2$ into FAD occurs in the presence of the enzymes for illumination of the activation and inhibition wavelengths. Therefore, we can predict that the mitochondrial ATPase and ATP synthase may function as oxidant in the redox reaction by the light illumination and that the light-induced pigment of the mitochondrial ATP synthase should be an oxidized form of a flavoprotein.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

Melanin is produced by melanocytes of the melanoepidermic unit and other cell types. These cells secrete and distribute the melanin pigment, which provides protection from ultraviolet radiation. In this study, the inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and anti-wrinkling effects on human dermal fibroblasts of Dendrobium speciosum ethanol extract were investigated. The Dendrobium speciosum extract inhibited melanin biosynthesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner in comparison with an untreated control group. Treatment with the Dendrobium speciosum extract suppressed α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis in B16F10 cells and the dendrite outgrowth of melanocyte/melanoma cells. The α-MSH-induced mRNA expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was significantly attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by Dendrobium speciosum treatment. In addition, Dendrobium speciosum treatment increased production of type I procollagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. Dendrobium speciosum ethanol extract exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on melanin biosynthesis, tyrosinase activity and increased procollagen synthesis. These results indicate that Dendrobium speciosum shows promise as an ingredient in cosmeceutical products due to its whitening and anti-wrinkle effects.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.377-386
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• 1982

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the thermotolerant properties of a thermophilic bacterium which was isolated from soils of the hot springs area and selected for the ${\beta}$-galactosidase production. This bacterium was identified as a strain belong to the genus Thermus. Biochemical and physiological characteristics of this strain were studied, including the investigation of the fatty acid composition of its neutral fats. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Optimal temperature and pH for growth of this strain were $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5 respectively, and it was found to be an absolute thermophilic bacterium which could not grow at the temperature below $43^{\circ}C$. 2. No growth was obtained in the medium which contained more than 1.0% of sodium chloride. 3. The tolerable concentration of antibiotics were 10mg of penicillin G per ml of medium and 0.5mg of chloramphenicol per ml respectively. 4. This strain had auxotrophilic requirements for calcium-pantothenate and pyridoxin-HCl as an essential factor and for niacin as a stimulative factor. 5. Yellow pigment was released into the liquid culture of this strain, which showed maximum absorption at 420 nm. 6. Fatty acid composition of neutral fats of the strain was palmitic acid, 60.20%; lauric acid, 11.80%; myristic acid, 7.56%; behenic acid, 4.25%; capric acid, 1.77%; stearic acid, 2.13%; arachidic acid, 1.53%; and others unidentified, 10.7%.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2009

The Jincheonsagongnimaaeyeoraeipsang is a great stone relief Buddha in Goryeo Dynasty, transmitting sculptural styles of the Silla Kingdom. The Buddha was carved on the biotite granite basement, and was undergone cleaning treatment in 2007. The basement rock was opened in plenty cracks bringing out structural instability. And the top of the basement rock was colonized by trees obstructing sunshine and raising humidity. As a result of failure analysis, the basement rock of the Buddha had a major possibility of wedge failure in the parts of the face, hands and cloths. Therefore, the cracks were filled up with epoxy resin L-50, and titanium bars and wire ropes were applied to bind cracked rock blocks. The surface of the crack filler was colored by granite and talc powder with inorganic pigment and L-30. The crack meters were installed on the stone relief Buddha to monitor further behavior, lastly.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to examine property changes induced by the choice of filler used with an epoxy resin that was developed in 2014 to restore cultural assets and consider the applicability of the resin as a restorative agent. The properties of putty mixed with 9 types of fillers and as-developed resins were compared with those of existing materials with regard to stability, superiority and applicability. The potential of the putty as an alternative material was also examined. The materials produced the best adhesiveness, color change and hardness results when mixed with lime. Micro balloon produced the best wear rates and hardening times, while diatomite produced the best tensile and compressive strengths. A plaster and white mineral pigment mixture produced the best specific gravity. Every material except for lime exhibited about 2.5-20 times higher wear rates than the existing material, which is thought to exhibit an excellent cutting force. The hardening time was enhanced by about 0.5-9 times to improve convenience. The stability of the relic was also ensured by improving hand staining without any shrinkage or deformation. The material exhibited about 0.5-27 times less yellowing. Thus, it is thought to be a material that can reduce property changes and reduce the degree of relic fatigue which occurs during reprocessing and sense of difference from relic.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2011

Even though concrete is the most important material for building structures, its intrinsic gray color degrades urban esthetics. In order to improve this problem, coloring methods of mixing pigment in concrete batch and painting the surface of concrete surface have been tried. However, applications of the coloring methods in construction field are difficult due to high cost and low durability. Recently, acid stain agent is emerging as a new coloring method for concrete. It is able to apply a remarkably thin colored layer on a concrete surface from chemical reaction between acid and alkaline solutions. This study has examined the changes and variations of the surface layer of mortar specimen from chemical reaction of acid stained agents. The colors were changed into natural irregular stains according to aging. After the staining, no shape change was found from visible inspections. Microstructure of the colored surface applied with acid stained agent was much rougher than that of original mortar. When the colored layer was compared to original surface, crystals of hydrate such as $Ca(OH)_2$ and C-S-H gel were observed. Surface hardness was same or slightly higher in the colored layer. The value of pH was reduced by approximately 10%, weight contents of elements such as Ca, Si, and Al were low. In the chemical composition of the colored layer, the non-cement based elements of Mn, Cr, and Cu increased. Also, Fe and alkali elements of K and Na increased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.678-684
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• 2005

Extraction conditions, spectrometric, and sensory properties of pigment extracts from green discolored garlic (GDG) were studied for development of green index to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic. GDG pigments were extracted using polar solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and water. Methanol with 1% HCl resulted in highest extraction of green pigments. Extraction of pigments was affected by temperature, and extracted pigments were partially destroyed at high temperatures. Optimum conditions for extraction of green pigments were $20^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Because green pigments are unstable at room temperature, and no method has been reported to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic, color chart was designed by mixing varying amounts of control and GDG. High correlation was observed between sensory scores and "a" value of color chart samples (y=-3.465x - 11.676) with $R^2$ of 0.993. Green index (GI) was developed based on linear regression equation between sensory scores and "a" values. Sensory panel recognized green discoloration of garlic at $GI{\geq}3.0$. GI developed in this study could be utilized to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic during cold storage and distribution of garlic.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

The feasibility of the geopolymer as a cultural asset restoration material was studied by investigating compressive strength and chromaticity change. Metakaolin that was synthesized by calcination of the kaolin at $750^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours was used as a geopolymeric starting material. Kaolin lost its crystallinity and changed into non-crystalline phase during calcination. NaOH solution and water glass were used as an initiator for the geopolymeric reaction. As the concentration of NaOH solution and water glass increased the compressive strength increased. When alumina was substituted with metakaolin, the compressive strength decreased at a small amount of alumina, but increased at a large substitution. For the most composition of geopolymers, the change of chroma values remained within the limit of slight variation after exposure to sunlight for 8 and 100 days. However, even small amount of organic pigment addition increased chroma values of metakaoline. It was shown that geopolymer had excellent chroma value change over epoxy resins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2016

Delphinidin is a blue-red pigment and one of the major anthocyanins in plants. It plays an important role in anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of delphinidin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression, an important factor involved in angiogenesis and tumor progression in human prostate cancer. Delphinidin decreased levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced VEGF mRNA expression in PC-3M cells. The expression of the EGF-induced hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) and signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) proteins, which are the major transcription factors for VEGF, were inhibited by delphinidin. In addition, delphinidin decreases HRE-promoter reporter gene activity, suggesting that delphinidin can suppress the transcription of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ under EGF induction, leading to a decrease in the expression of VEGF. Delphinidin specifically suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, and 4EBP1, but not the phosphorylation of EGFR. Therefore, our results suggest that delphinidin may inhibit human prostate cancer progression and angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-$1{\alpha}$, STAT3 and VEGF gene expression.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.243-249
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• 2018

Ceramic tiles, which were manufactured through high-temperature firing process at over $1000^{\circ}C$, are widely used as interior and exterior materials for building construction due to their excellent durability and aesthetic of surface glaze. In recent years, the introduction of digital ink-jet printing in ceramic tiles for architectural use has been rapidly proceeding, and studies on the materials such as ceramic ink, ceramic pigment, glaze have been actively conducted. In this study, the effect of microstructure change of surface glaze on the printing properties of ceramic inks was investigated by micronization of kaolin, which is the raw material of surface glaze. Black ceramic ink was used for ink-jet printing on the surface glaze of ceramic tile to evaluate the printability by measuring the size and roundness of the printed ink dot. The relationship between microstructure change of surface glaze and printability of ceramic ink was also investigated by analyzing the surface roughness and internal micropore distribution of surface glaze.