• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2023

Purpose: Toe-in gait is defined as a style of walking in which the foot turns inward. It may be caused by an increase in femoral bone anteversion, tibia torsion, and metatarsus adductus. There are some conservative treatment approaches used to correct this condition. This review aimed to determine the effects of the toe-in gait on joint loading, kinematics, and kinetic parameters while walking. Moreover, it sought to determine the efficiency of various conservative treatments used to correct the condition. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science database, EBSCO, and Embase, using the following keywords in toe, toe-in, toeing, in-toe, pigeon toe, and conservative treatment published between 1950 and 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Down and Black tool. Results: A total of 13 papers on the impact of toe-in gait on joint contact force, kinematics, kinetic parameters, and conservative approaches to management were found. The quality of the studies varied between a score of 11 and 22. The toe-in gait influences the joint contact forces and kinematics of the joints, especially the hip and pelvis. The effects of conservative treatment on the toe-in gait appear to be controversial. Conclusion: As the toe-in gait influences the joint contact force, it may increase the incidence of degenerative joint diseases. Therefore, treatment is recommended. However, there is no strong evidence on the efficacy of conservative treatments, and there are no recommendations for the use of these treatments in subjects with toe-in gait.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.59.1-59.13
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• 2023

Background: Rocuronium bromide has been evaluated as a mydriatic agent in birds, but the species applied were limited and the dose and effect were variable. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as mydriatics in 4 species according to horizontal palpebral fissure length: Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern boobook (Ninox japonica), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Methods: A total of 32 birds (8 for each species) were included as pre-releasing examination. Rocuronium bromide was instilled in one randomly selected eye of each bird based on palpebral fissure length criteria (0.5 mg/50 µL for pigeons, 1 mg/100 µL for kestrels and boobook owls, and 2 mg/200 µL for eagle owls). The contralateral eye was used as control and treated with normal saline. After instillation of the drug, pupil diameter, pupillary light reflex, intraocular pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 10 min intervals up to 180 min and at 30 min intervals up to 360 min. Results: Statistically significant mydriasis was obtained in all birds (p < 0.001). However, in boobook and eagle owls, marked mydriasis persisted until 360 min. Side effects including corneal erosion and lower eyelid paralysis were common, which was observed in 26/32 birds. Blepharospasm was also noted during this study. No systemic adverse signs were observed. Conclusions: Rocuronium bromide could be a good mydriatics option for 4 species of birds, however, further studies are needed to find lowest effective dose to reduce drug-related side effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.6
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• 2024

Bird species, particularly poultry and other bird types, including domestic pigeons, are susceptible to fowl pox, a contagious viral disease. The main goal of this study was to validate clinical avipoxvirus diagnoses using molecular analytical methods. The essential components of the investigation were the clinical signs, visible abnormalities, histological changes, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Twenty out of 120 pigeons had clinical symptoms, which included yellowish crust or nodules near the feet, eyes, and beak. An erosive epidermal lesion and an epidermal acanthotic papular lesion with basal vacuolation were maculopapular evidence associated with significant epidermal hyperkeratosis, as confirmed by histological analysis. In addition, the results showed keratinocyte necrosis beneath the hyperkeratotic epidermal layer, together with superficial and deep dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. In addition, the P4b core protein gene underwent phylogenetic analysis. The sequence analysis results indicated a high degree of similarity across the local strains, with just minor variations observed. Five sample sequences were selected and submitted to the NCBI database. These sequences were identified as OR187728, OR187729, OR187730, OR187731, and OR187732. All the various strains in this research may be classified under clade A of the chicken pox virus phylogenetic classification. This study presents the first description and characterization of pox virus infections in domestic pigeons inside the Basrah governorate.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.185-192
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• 1987

Anethole, eugenol, isoeugenol, safrole and isosafrole are ingredients of refined oils which are obtained from some plants and their chemical structures are very similar. They are mainly used as a flavoring agent, food additive, carminative. dental analgesics and for many drugs. But, there is no report about their effect on gastric secretion and gastric motility. To examine the effect of anethole, eugenol, isoeugenol, safrole and isosafrole on gastric secretion in rats and gastric motility in pigeons, this paper was investigated. The results were as follows ; 1. All of 5 essential oils showed significant inhibitory effect compared with control group on gastric secretion at the rate of 1.00 ml/100 g, 0.50 ml/100 g B. W. in the rat. 2. Eugenol, isoeugenol and isosafrole showed significant inhibitory effect on gastric secretion at the rate of 0.25 ml/100 g B. W. in the rat. 3. Isosafrole showed the most inhibitory effect on gastric secretion in 5 essential oils. 4. All of 5 essential oils, in a more or less degree. showed temporary inhibitory effect on gastric motility in the pigeon. 5. In conclusion, all of 5 essential oils showed inhibitory action on gastric secretion in the rat and gastric motility in the pigeon.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.420-424
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• 2009

In this research, to identify the degree of preference and participation in leisure sports, over 19-year-old adults living in the capital region were collected as subjects, and among them, 250 persons were chosen by sampling. Using SPSSWIN 16.0, I analyzed the collected data by Reliability Analysis, Paired Sample T-Test, and IP A method. The conclusion is the following. First, the first quadrant showed skins-cuba, water-ski, wind surfing, and clay-pigeon shooting, and as a result of this, it is necessary to improve the degree of participation in this field. Secondly, the second quadrant showed golf, snow board, ski, fishing, and climbing, and these field need to specific attention to maintain continuous attention, for they have a great deal of attendance. Thirdly, in the third quadrant, there are water sleigh, cart, balloon, sky-diving, orienteering, hang gliding, model plane, and survival game. As the degree of preference and participation in these sports is low, it is recommended that more effort should be made for these sports. Finally, in the forth quadrant, there are tracking, mountain bike, inline skates, rafting, and cycling. As it's the participation is high, while that of preference is low, it is important to maintain the policy of the participation in leisure sports. In conclusion, for the sports which is preferred that is difficult to join right now, most of all, it is necessary that we should pay attention to and invest the social infrastructure in which main items cannot be joined now.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.183-185
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• 2006

Four pigeons which lived together of same cage were referred due to excessive feather loss, severe itching, and erythema on the head, neck and flank regions. They had behavioral problem with feather bloating and plucking. Although they were mildly depressed, appetite was normal. On microscopic examination of feather picking, prominent external parasite infection was found. Mite infection was diagnosed with morphological confirmation. On analysis of complete blood count (CBC), eosinophilia was evident. The patients were treated with ivermectin (apply 200 mcg/kg topically two times per every other week and spray 200 mcg/ml solution every week). Clinical signs of four, pigeons were improved 45 days following first therapy. This case report indicates that mite infection is accompanied with severe feather loss, itching, and generalized erythema on the skin and behavioral problem with feather bloating and plucking. And this infection can be managed with topical and spray application of Ivermectin without injection.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2006

Fifty eight Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Korea were examined for their serotypes and extracellular enzyme activities. Among the 51 strains isolated from clinical sources, 48 strains were serotype A (94.1%), 2 strains were serotype B (3.92%), and 1 strain was serotype D (1.96%). All seven environmental strains isolated from pigeon excreta were identified as serotype A. All isolates of C. neoformtans were positive for the production of extracellular proteinase and phospholipase. In the API-ZYM system, all fifty eight isolates produced alkaine phosphatase, esterase C4, esterase lipase: C8, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrase, $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\beta$-glucosidase. Thirty nine isolates (67.2%) of C. neoformans produced N-acetyl-$\beta$-glucosidase. Two isolates, serotype B, and B only one serotype A produced $\beta$-glucuronidase. Analysis of enzymatic profiles to 21 enzymes revealed four biotypic patterns among the 58 strains. The enzymatic patterns of C. neoformans isolated from clinical and environmental sources represented a significant relationship with the serotypes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.618-623
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• 1995

Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis that most often involves the lungs and central nervous system and, less frequently, the skin, skeletal system, and prostate gland. Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative organism, is a yeastlike round or oval fungus, 4 to $6{\mu}m$ in diameter, which is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule and reproduces by budding and found in soil and other environmental areas, especially those contaminated by pigeon droppings. Humans and animals acquire infection after inhalation of aerosolized spores. Condition or factors that predispose to cryptococcosis include corticosteroid therapy, lymphoreticular malignancies, HIV infection, and sarcoidosis etc. We discribed a case of cryptococcosis involving lung and CNS coincidently without specific underlying disease and the literature on subject were reviewed. A fifty-six year-old previously healthy female presented with headache of 3 months of duration. She had no history suggesting immunologic suppression and we could not find any abnormal laboratory findings including blood sugar, serum immunoglobulin and complement level, HIV antibody, and T cell subsets. Chest roentgenogram and CT scan showed a solitary soft tissue mass in LUL with distal pneumonitis. Brain MRI showed granulomatous lesion in cerebellum and parasagittal cortex of right frontal lobe. The diagnosis was made by bronchoscopic brushing cytology, transthoracic fine needle aspiration, and sputum KOH mount and culture. She was treated 6 weeks course of Amphotericin B and switched to oral fluconazole therapy for 3 months. Her symptoms and X-ray findings were improved gradually and she is now under regular clinical follow up.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.445-452
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• 1996

Catalytic hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes by RuH(NO)$L_3$ ($L_3$: $PPh_3$, PhP($CH_2CH_2PPh_2$)$_2$(etp)) was investigated to examine the reaction mechanism and the competence of hydridonitrosyl complexes as catalysts for organic synthesis. RuH(NO)$L_3$ showed catalytic activity for the hydrogenation and the activities of catalysts were dependent on the steric and electronic factors. The less the steric demands of the substrates become, the more activity the catalysts show. For the electronic effect, the more the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon atom in ketones becomes and the more the double bond character of carbonyl group in aldehydes becomes, the more active the catalysts are. These results reflect the difference of reaction mechanisms of two substrates, ketones and aldehydes. Catalytic activities of RuH(NO)(etp) and RuH(NO)($PPh_3$)$_3$ in the presence of extra $PPh_3$ toward hydrogenation showed the existence of a reaction pathway accompanied with the change of the bonding modes of NO ligand. The roles of excess $PPh_3$ change with increase of the mole ratio of $PPh_3$ to catalysts; prevention of ligand dissociation from comlexes → bases → ligands. The activity of RuH(NO)(etp) was lower than that of RuH(NO)($PPh_3$)$_3$ toward the hydrogenation of the same substrates mainly due to the structural difference. These catalysts showed the selectivity toward olefin hydrogenation over carbonyl groups in the competitive reaction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2012

The study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of rapid Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) combo antigen kits from field samples of domestic (broiler and layer chicken, native chicken) and semi-domestic (duck, goose, pigeon and quail) birds of Bangladesh. Samples were collected from naturally infected AI suspected domestic and semi-domestic birds of five different outbreak areas in Bangladesh. From each area two birds were selected for sampling, and from each bird three types of samples (tracheal, cloacal and oro-nasal swabs) were collected. A total of 210 field samples from a total of 70 birds were collected and tested using AI and NDV combo antigen rapid diagnostic kits in the study. All three different samples from a bird showed similar pattern of reaction. Out of 210 samples, 15 samples (5 birds), 63 samples (21 birds) and 27 samples (9 birds) were positive for AIV, NDV and both for AIV and NDV, respectively; whereas the remaining birds were negative for either AIV or NDV in this screening test. Among the five AIV positive, a layer chicken from wet market in Mymensingh, Netrokona, Gibandha and Kurigram and a native chicken from wet market in Kurigram area was positive to AIV. The semi-domestic birds are either positive to NDV or free from both AIV and NDV. This study revealed that the AIV and NDV rapid diagnostic kits could be effectively use to diagnose the respective virus in trachea, oro-nasal and cloacal samples simultaneously. AIV-NDV combo Ag test result clearly indicates that the test kit designed for AIV and NDV could diagnose the disease rapidly with less effort and higher scientific know how which could be used for the detection of AIV and NDV using field samples in large scale.