• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2015

In 2009 outbreaks of an emerging disease in shrimp farms were first reported in China. The disease was known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Since 2009, the disease has been spread to Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand and Mexico. The causative agent of the disease was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It is a common seawater inhabitant bacterium, and the pathogen can sometimes contaminate seafood. The disease has caused mass mortality of cultivated shrimp, and huge economic losses in the countries named above. In order to prevent the introduction and establishment of AHPND, emergency measures, such as strengthening of import conditions and even import bans, were put in place by many other countries. In Korea, on the other hand, there are large quantities of shrimp imports from countries, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Transportation of live and fresh dead shrimp is highly likely, and could be a transmission pathway if the shrimp are sourced from populations in AHPND endemic areas. It is important to recognize that importing countries may provisionally adopt sanitary or phytosanitary measures on the basis of available pertinent information, including that from the relevant international organizations, as well as from sanitary or phytosanitary measures applied by other countries based on "Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures". It is pertinent that Korea also takes proper emergent measures to keep out diseases and provide safe seafood.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2019

This study investigates the WTO dispute over Japanese fishery products originated from Fukushima and another seven prefectures. Being subject to an import ban and additional radioactive test requirements, Japan complained that the Korean government's trade measures are inconsistent with the principles of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This paper considered the contrasting judicial decisions made by the Panel and Appellate Body and analyzed the debates with respect to their trade-discriminatory effects (Article 2.4), the relevance of appropriate level of protection (Article 5.6) and the precautionary approaches (Article 5.7). Consistent with the final rulings, this paper identifies the need for a broaden understanding of regional conditions and qualitative aspects of protection in risk analysis. Findings also suggest that Korea has diverted its fishery imports from Japan to other countries, while Japan has created export diversion from Korea to other destinations.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2021

This paper examines the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) on Korean exports, taking global value chains (GVC) participation into consideration. Using product-level import data from 2000 to 2014, we find heterogeneous effects of importers' SPS and TBT on Korean exports depending on the degree and position of GVC participation. According to the results, trade restrictive effects of SPS and TBT are smaller for industries that are more deeply involved in GVC. However, trade restrictive effects are greater for industries located at a relatively upstream production stage in GVC.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 소나무 원목의 열처리 시 소요에너지에 대해 분석하였다. 소나무재선충 감염목에 대한 적절한 열처리는 소나무 재선충의 감염 확산을 막고, 감염목의 용재로서의 사용 가능성을 높인다. 본 연구에서는 병해충 감염목의 FAO 열처리 기준(International standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPM) No.15)에서 제시한 병해충 사멸 조건인 '목재 중심부 온도를 $56^{\circ}C$에서 30분 유지'를 위하여 소요되는 에너지를 평가하였다. 열처리에 소요되는 총 소요에너지는 초기 열처리 설정조건 도달에 필요한 처리기 벽체 가열, 처리기 내 공기 가열, 목재가열, 습도유지, 벽체 열손실로 구성되는 초기소요에너지와 열처리 설정조건 도달 이후의 열손실 보완 소요에너지, 즉 목재가열, 습도유지 및 처리기 벽체 열손실을 보완하기 위한 열손실 보완 에너지로 구분하였다. 단위시간당 초기소요에너지는 열처리 설정조건 도달 이후의 단위시간당 열손실 보완 에너지량보다 크며, 설정조건도달 이후의 단위시간 당 소요에너지는 거의 일정한 값을 가졌다. 시험결과 실험조건에 있어서 건조 온도와 더불어 상대습도가 매우 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 목재조건으로는 함수율 차이에 의해 변하는 밀도가 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 고온과 높은 상대습도 및 낮은 함수율, 즉 낮은 밀도가 열처리 속도를 증가시켰다. 이 연구를 통하여 소나무재의 열처리에 있어서 보다 효율적인 에너지 관리 방안을 마련할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2007

본 연구에서는 각종 병해충 감염목의 열처리 조건으로 목재 중심부 온도를 $56^{\circ}C$에서 30분 이상 처리해야 한다는 FAO 열처리 기준(International standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPM) No. 15)을 적용하여 소나무 재선충 감염의 확산을 막고 감염목을 용재로서 사용할 수 있게 하기 위하여 국산 소나무의 열처리특성을 분석하였다. 온도와 습도 및 함수율별 열처리속도 측정을 통하여 목표온도 도달시간을 분석하고 소비에너지를 평가하여, 열처리 공정 적용 기술개발의 기초 자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 열처리 시 함수율이 높을수록, 직경이 클수록 열처리 소요시간과 소요에너지가 증가하였고, 고온 고습 조건이 열처리 소요시간을 단축시켰다. 열처리기 현장투입 시 적절한 열처리공정 제어를 위해서는 열악한 주위환경 조건, 처리기 가동성능의 변화, 고습적용이 불가능한 상황 등을 고려한 다양한 온도 습도 조건에서의 가열과 냉각 시 소비되는 에너지 평가와 소요시간 예측이 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.252-260
• /
• 2009

According to Article 7 and Annex B of the World Trade Organization(WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary(SPS) Measures, WTO members are required to notify their newly established or amended SPS measures that might affect international trade. This study analyzed SPS notifications from 1995 to 2008 to identify international trends for food safety measures. The notifications were collected from the SPS information management system and the official document distribution system of WTO. The 153 WTO members represented 37 developed countries, 84 developing countries and 32 least developed countries. The number of overall notifications was 9,820. The annual notifications increased from 198 in 1995 to 1,264 in 2008. The monthly average notifications were from 44.8 in December to 69.5 in June; however, there were no statistical differences among them. The six leading Members in terms of notification submissions were United States(U.S.), Brazil, New Zealand, Canada, European Community and Korea. Among the regular and emergency notifications, 62.7% notifications were concerned with food safety, followed by animal and plant protections. Among animal protection notifications, 54.8% were emergency situations. Of the 4,821 food safety notifications, 60.4% were from developed countries, and 39.3% were from developing countries. Measures concerning pesticide residues and risk assessments were mainly from developed countries. In contrast, 77.5% of the measures concerning zoonoses were from developing countries. However considering the numbers of developing and developed countries, the average number of measures for each country was similar. Food safety measures were mainly involved pesticide residues followed by food additives, zoonoses, new regulations, labeling. As the overall notifications, zoonosis measures were mainly emergency notifications. Measures concerning pesticide residues, food additives, zoonoses, new regulations, veterinary drugs, and labeling were submitted most often by the U.S., Korea, Albania, U.S., Australia, and U.S., respectively. Identifying the exact trends of food safety measures was complicated by a number of factors. However, WTO notifications might be useful tool in providing a general view of international trends.

• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.33-71
• /
• 2021

Many different approaches and databases have been developed for the evaluation of non-tariff measures (NTMs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). This paper is devoted to the EU-South Korea agreement, which is the first 'second-generation' FTA of the EU, addressing a wide array of non-tariff policies. We review the evolution of NTM types applicable to the EU-South Korea trade relationship and the role of NTMs in ex-ante and ex-post analyses of the agreement. Subsequently a structural gravity model is employed to assess the value added of information on different aspects of FTAs and types of NTMs by evaluating their ability to predict the trade effects of the EU-South Korea FTA. Our results show that, when accounting for information on the components common in modern deep trade agreements, no additional trade effect is attributable to the EU-South Korea FTA. The evolution of NTMs differs considerably across indicators used, but trade predictions are hardly affected. Most specifications point towards a negative effect of bilateral differences in the number of technical barriers to trade (TBT) applied and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) against which trading partners issued complaints at the WTO.

• Mycobiology
• /
• 제49권2호
• /
• pp.188-195
• /
• 2021

The genus Pseudoperonospora, an obligate biotrophic group of Oomycota, causes the most destructive foliar downy mildew disease on many economically important crops and wild plants. A previously unreported disease by Pseudoperonospora was found on oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo var. conomon) in Korea, which is a minor crop cultivated in the temperate climate zone of East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. Based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses, the causal agent was identified as Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and its pathogenicity has been proven. Importantly, two phylogenetic clades of P. cubensis, harboring probably two distinct species, were detected within the same plots, suggesting simultaneous coexistence of the two clades. This is the first report of P. cubensis causing downy mildew on oriental pickling melon in Korea, and the confirmation of presence of two phylogenetic clades of this pathogen in Korea. Given the high incidence of P. cubensis and high susceptibility of oriental pickling melon to this disease, phytosanitary measures, including rapid diagnosis and effective control management, are urgently required.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.287-305
• /
• 2019

The export of agricultural, fisheries, and food products acts as an engine of growth for developing countries in particular. However, exporting these items is easier said than done since issues of certification and inspection, so-called technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), in developed markets have worked as major obstacles for exports. This paper examines the institutional aspects and recent trends of South Korea's TBT/SPS-related cases against exporting firms of the developing countries. We suggest a win-win partnership model that can promote cooperative synergies between Korea and developing employing trade-related technical cooperation or ODA (Official Development Aid). Technical cooperation such as the provision of on-spot field consulting services on TBT/SPS-related issues for exporting firms and Korean OEM firms of developing countries can lead to mutual gains. This cooperative partnership can create gains from "the trade-development nexus" for both sides while promoting sustainable trade and investment relationships between Korea and developing countries.

• 아태비즈니스연구
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.119-134
• /
• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to expound the packaging framework system(PFS) under international trade rules. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed packaging framework system and packaging regulations and technical standards in international regulations and major countries and classified these in some standards Findings - First, the study provides packaging provisions associated with packaging regulations and technical standards (PRTS). Then, the basis of PFS in international trade rules was proposed; it is believed that the PFS was composed of packaging legal system in WTO institutional framework (WTO-PLS), international organization packaging standard system (IO-PSS) and major countries or regions packaging regulatory system (MCR-PRS). Secondly, this paper expounded relations and legal characteristics of the three packaging systems. Finally, This study investigated PRTS coverage under technical barriers to trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS). Research implications or Originality - The regulations associated with PRTS have played a key role in challenges to merchandise trade in international trade. This study has significance in classifying packaging related reticulations into several criteria unlike previous studies. Therefore it is hope that this study can provide a supplementary document for the existing research of PRTS.