• 대한화학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

금(Au) 전극 위에 전해 석출한 철족 원소(Fe, Co, Ni)를 전극으로 phthalate 완충 용액에서 철족 원소의 부식과정을 조사하였다. Phthalate 완충용액의 pH의 변화에 대한 부식전위와 부식전류를 측정하여 각 원소(Fe, Co, Ni)전극의 산화반응과 환원반응에 대한 Tafel 기울기를 구하였으며 Tafel 기울기를 포함한 정량적인 전기화학 인자를 측정하여 전극의 산화반응과 환원반응에 대한 반응 메커니즘을 제안하였다. Phthalate 완충 용액에 존재하는 화학 종의 흡착은 철족 원소 전극의 산화반응에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.3311-3316
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• 2012

In this paper, a layered-carbon-$Fe_3O_4$ (LC-$Fe_3O_4$) hybrid material was synthesized through a facile one-pot solvothermal method and used as the adsorbent for the preconcentration of some phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate) in water samples. The effects of the adsorbent dosage, extraction time, the solution pH and salinity on the adsorption of the phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated. The magnetic nanocomposite adsorbent could remove and enrich the PAEs from water samples efficiently. After the adsorption, the analytes were desorbed and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the method for the analytes were in the range from 161 to 180. A linear response with peak area as the quantification signal was observed in the concentration range from 0.5 to $100ng\;mL^{-1}$. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) of the method were between 0.08 and $0.1ng\;mL^{-1}$. The method was suitable for the determination of trace phthalate esters in environmental water samples.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2013

Objectives: Phthalates are used in a large variety of products including as coatings of pharmaceutical tablets, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. They have been the subject of great public concern in recent years. The extensive uses of this material have attracted attention and issues regarding its safety have been raised. Methods: In this study, three types of phthalate skin permeation were studied using matrixes such as ointments, creams and lotions in vitro. The absorption of phthalate diesters [Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) and Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DNPP)] using film former has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured in order to establish the integrity of the skin before the phthalates were applied to the epidermal surface. Results: Absorption rates for each phthalate ester were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of phthalate in vitro experimental results quickly appeared in the following order DMP > DPP ${\geq}$ DNPP. Conclusions: In the experimental results, lotion> cream> ointment, and the permeation rate of lotion with a great amount of moisture was the fastest. Skin permeation rate is generally influenced by the chemical characteristics of a given chemical, such as molecular weight and lipophilicity. As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption decreased.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.2.1-2.15
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• 2023

Background: Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are widely used in the production of items of daily life such as in polyvinylchloride plastics, insecticides, and medical devices. This study aimed to determine the association between phthalate exposure and shellfish consumption using data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017), which is a nationally representative survey. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the KoNEHS cycle 3 data of 3,333 (1,526 men and 1,807 women) adults aged more than 19 years. Data related to the variables of sociodemographic factors, health-related behaviors, dietary factors, seafood consumption frequency, and urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations were collected. The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites of all the participants were divided into quartiles to define high and low concentration groups based on the 75th percentile concentration. A χ² test was conducted to analyze the distribution of independent variables. To analyze the relationship between shellfish consumption and phthalate exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Results: Total adults with shellfish consumption frequency of over once a week showed the following adjusted ORs for high concentrations of the following metabolites compared with the group that consumed shellfish once a week or less: 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.06) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01-2.03) for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.24) for ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP), 2.01 (95% CI: 1.46-2.77) for mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11-2.18) for mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate (MCNP), and 2.57 (95% CI: 1.85-3.56) for mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP). Conclusions: The concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, MCOP, MCNP, and MCPP) were higher in adults with a higher frequency of shellfish consumption.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.128-128
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• 2003

There are many synthetic chemicals, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), used in chemical reaction processes in industry. The establishment of toxicity and detection of synthetic chemicals that may pose a genetic hazard in our enviornment is subjects of great concern at present.(omitted)

• 분석과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2001

쇠고기 돼지고기 속에 포함된 nonylphenol, octylphenol, bis(2-ethyltexyl) phthalate의 동시 정량방법을 연구하였다. 이 방법에서는 밀폐된 배양시험관에서 이염화메탄을 이용하여 추출하고 용매를 이소헥산으로 바꾸고 aminopropyl 칼럼(2g)을 이용하여 분리한 후 GC/MS-SIM 방법으로 분석하였다. 다중점보정을 위한 nonylphenol(NP), octylphenol(OP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(BEHP)의 회수율에서 NP, OP는 $0.125-12.5{\mu}g/g$, BEHP는 $0.0125-12.5{\mu}g/g$ 범위에서 좋은 회수율을 보였다. 확립된 방법을 전주시와 전주시 근교 마트와 정육점에서 구입한 16점의 쇠고기 돼지고기 시료에 적용하였다. Nonylphenol은 4점의 시료에서 검출되었으며 bis(2-ethlhexyl) phthalate는 전 시료에서 검출되었고, 그 농도범위는 $0.06-0.24{\mu}g/g$과 $0.36-2.35{\mu}g/g$ 이었다. Octylphenol은 어떠한 시료에서도 검출되지 않았다. 이 방법은 매우 적은량의 생체 시료에도 쉽게 적용이 가능하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.548-554
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is to examine the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials in elementary school classrooms and libraries in Seoul, and to investigate phthalate contamination in indoor dust. Methods: PVC material was identified for building materials and furniture using portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Phthalates in dust samples (n=19) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction using cyclohexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were found in all collected dust samples (n=19), and diisonyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in all except for one sample (n=18). The concentration of DEHP (median: 2190 mg/kg) and DINP (2960 mg/kg) were higher than other compounds, suggesting that there are many products in the school that used these compounds. When comparing the phthalate concentration in the classroom (n=11) and library dust (n=8), the total concentration in the classroom (median: 10000 mg/kg) was higher than that in the library (8030 mg/kg). DEHP was the dominant compound in the library. The library is relatively more equipped with PVC furniture (n=83) and most floors are also identified as PVC material, suggesting that floors and furniture made of PVC materials are main sources of DEHP contamination. Conclusions: This study is a pilot survey for investigating phthalate contamination in elementary schools. As a result of the survey, phthalate contamination in elementary school was confirmed. However, further study requires risk assessment of children through analysis of phthalate metabolites in children based on sufficient number of samples and information about the site.

• 분석과학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 학교 주변 문방구에서 쉽게 구입할 수 있는문규류 4개 제품군(연필, 지우개, 노트, 색종이) 22종의 학용품을 조사대상 시료로 선정하여 환경보건법의 환경유해인자로서 관리되고 있는 프탈레이트 8종의 함유특성을 파악하였다. 본 연구결과 조사대상 8종의 프탈레이트류 중 Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) 및 Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP)는 모든 시료에서 검출한계 미만(불검출)으로 나타나 문구류에서는 사용하고 있지 않는 것으로 나타났다. A군의 경우에는 일부 시료에서 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 및 Diisononyl phthalate (DINP)가 22%~28% 검출되었으며, A-1, A-3 및 A-4의 시료에서는 DINP가 각각 28%, 24% 및 28% 검출되었으며, B군은 조사대상 시료 6건 모두 규제농도인 1,000 ppm 이하로 검출되었다. 또한, C-2 시료에서 Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)가 1% 검출되었으며, C-1 및 C-6 시료에서 DEHP가 0.3% 정도 검출되었으며, D-3 시료에서 Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)가 0.1% 수준으로 검출되었다. 본 연구결과 조사대상 프탈레이트류 중 DINP는 주로 지우개에서만 가장 높은 농도로 검출되었으며, 지우개는 저학년일수록 많이 사용하는 학용품으로 피부 접촉을 통해 노출될 가능성이 큰 물질인 것으로 판단되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.97-100
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• 2002

Phthalate ester는 플라스틱의 물리적 성질, 특히 유연성을 향상시키기 위하여 플라스틱 제품에 첨가하는 가소제이며 내분비계 장애를 일으키는 것으로 추정되는 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 한강지류 하천 주변 토양의 phthalate esters의 오염 정도를 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) 방법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 예상 오염 지역인 안양천과 서호천, 그리고 예상 청정 지역인 가평천과 남한강 지역에서 채취한 토양시료 모두에서 bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP)가 일정 수준 검출되었다. 그 오염 수준은 안양천 주변 토양이 113ppb로 가장 높았으며, 서호천 주변 토양이 64 pub,그리고 가평천과 남한강 주변 토양이 약 50 ppb이었다. 따라서 한강 지류 하천 토양의 DEHP오염은 국내 하천 저질의 DEHP오염 수준이 최고 2.04 ppm임을 감안할 때 상대적으로 낮은 수준임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

Phthalates and those metabolites have long history in industry and suspected to have deficient effects in development and reproduction. These are well-known anti-androgenic chemicals and many studies have examined the effects of these compounds on male reproduction as toxins and endocrine disruptors. Uterus is a key organ for proper embryo development, successful reproduction, and health of eutherian mammals including women. To understand the effects of the phthalate, the horizontal approach with a whole group of phthalate is best but the known phthalates are huge and all is not uncovered. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common product of plasticizers in polymer products and studied many groups. Although, there is limited studies on the effects of phthalates on the female, a few studies have proved the endocrine disrupting characters of DEHP or phthalate mixture in female. An acute and high dose of DEHP has adverse effects on uterine histological characters. Recently, it has been revealed that a chronical low-dose exposing of DEHP works as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). DEHP can induce various cellular responses including the expression regulation of steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and paracrine factors. Interestingly, the response of uterus to DEHP is not monotonous and the exposed female has various phenotypes in fertility. These suggest that the exposing of DEHP may causes of histological modification in uterus and of disease in female such as endometriosis, hyperplasia, and myoma in addition to developmental and reproductive toxicity.