• Title/Summary/Keyword: photoneutron

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EGS4 코드를 이용한 물질 내에서 Photoneutron 생성률과 에너지분포 계산

  • 신창호;서보균;김종경;김귀년;장종화
    • Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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    • 1998.05a
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    • pp.199-204
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    • 1998
  • 고에너지 전자가 매질 내에서 수송될 때, 매질 내에서 Photoneutron 생성률과 생성된 중성자 에너지 분포를 EGS4 코드를 사용하여 계산하였다. EGS4 코드는 광자-전자 연계 수송코드로 Photoneutron 반응단면적을 제공하지 않기 때문에, Photoneutron 반응단면적 계산루틴과 생성된 중성자 에너지분포 계산루틴을 작성하여 Ta와 Pb의 표적 매질에 100 MeV의 전자가 입사하였을 때 표적의 두께변화에 따른 Photoneutron 생성률과 생성된 중성자 에너지분포를 계산하였다.

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Evaluation of Photon and Photoneutron Using High Energy X-ray in Radiation Therapy Room (고에너지 X-선 사용에 따른 방사선치료실 내 광자와 광중성자 평가)

  • Park, Eun-Tae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.10 no.6
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    • pp.427-433
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    • 2016
  • Recently increased use of high energy x-ray in radiation therapy, so therapeutic efficiency of tumors that located deep part also increased. However, photoneutron is problem which is generated caused by photoneuclear reaction. Photoneutron is continually required management because of that is more harmful than photon. In this regard, the study utilizing simulation of the Monte Carlo method is actively progress about photoneutron but measure is deficient. So this study was analyzed the correlation between the measured photon and photoneutron by radiation measurement device. As a result, photons were reduced when distance is farther and field size is smaller. But photoneutron were increased when field size is smaller and increased to a certain distance then reduced.

An Analysis into the Dose Rate of Photoneutron Occurring in a Linear Accelerator (선형가속기에서 발생하는 광중성자 선량률 분석)

  • Jang, Howon;Jin, SeongJin;Je, Jaeyong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.11 no.7
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    • pp.565-569
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    • 2017
  • This research aims at measuring the changes in the dose rate of photoneutron occurring in the process of the investigation into the 10 MV photon beam with a linear accelerator. In addition, the life time of the photoneutron after the end of irradiation was to be analyzed. The photoneutron were measured with a $BF_3$ proportional counter, and the measurement results of the dose rate of the photoneutron were analyzed in 3 parts at intervals of 2 seconds. The measurement results showed that the photoneutron were generated fastest when there was no metal plate inside the radiation field and when there was a lead plate, and that, as for the time that shows the final dose rate at the level of background, the life time was about 1 minute and 40 seconds regardless of the kinds of materials. Therefore, the dose rate according to the time until the photoneutron run out was proved to be different depending on the sorts of the materials and the threshold energy. However, final life time showed similar results regardless of the kinds of the materials, it can be concluded that the kinds of materials don't get involved in the life time of photoneutron.

A Study on Photoneutron Characteristics Generated from Target and Collimator of Electron Linear Accelerator for Container Security Inspection using MCNP6 Code (MCNP6 코드를 이용한 컨테이너 보안 검색용 전자 선형가속기 표적과 조준기에서 발생한 광중성자 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Chang-Ho;Kim, Jang-Oh;Lee, Yoon-Ji;Jeon, Chan-hee;Lee, Ji-Eun;Min, Byung-In
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.455-465
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the photoneutron characteristics generated by the linear accelerator target and collimator. The computer simulation design firstly, consisted of a target, a single material target and a composite material target. Secondly, it consisted of a cone beam and a fan beam depending on the type of the collimator. Finally, the material of the fan beam collimator is composed of a single material composed of only lead (Pb) and a composite material collimator composed of tungsten (W) and lead (Pb). The research method calculated the photoneutron production rate and energy spectrum using F2 tally from the surface of a virtual sphere at a distance of 100 cm from the target. As a result, firstly the photoneutron production rate was 20% difference, depending on the target. Secondly, depending on the type of the collimator, there was a 10% difference. Finally, depending on the collimator material, there was a 40% difference. In the photoneutron energy spectrum, the average photoneutron flux tended to be similar to the photoneutron production rate. As a result, it was confirmed that the 9 MeV linear accelerator photoneutron are production increased more by the collimator than by the target, and by the material, not the type of the collimator. Selecting and operating targets and collimator with low photoneutron production will be the most active radiation protection. Therefore, it is considered that this research can be a useful data for introducing and operating and radiation protection of a linear accelerator for container security inspection.

Evaluation of Photoneutron by Hypofractionated Radiotherapy (소분할 방사선치료 방식에 따른 광중성자 평가)

  • Park, Eun-Tae;Lee, Deuk-Hee;Kang, Se-Sik
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.15 no.12
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    • pp.347-354
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    • 2015
  • Hypofractionated radiotherapy prescribes high dose once. Due to this there's a bad point that patients are exposed much dose in normal organ. But recently the study making up for a limit is continuing. Cause of preference of this kind of development of therapy technic and high-energy photon beam, patients can be exposed to additional radiation. Because photoneutron is created by photonuclear reaction. So, in this study I measured photoneutron and analyzed by DVH amounts of radiation from the treatment plan that was used to acute, metastatic pelvis cancer patients who was treated by hypofractionated radiotherapy applied IMRT. As a result, incidence of photoneutron based on the hypofractionated radiotherapy was not a big difference in proportion to the dose fractionation. Protective effects of normal organ by hypofractionated radiotherapy applying IMRT is relatively high compared to 3D CRT but also photoneutron was in created. So a proper treatment plan and a best therapy should be considerated.

The Effect of Photoneutron Dose in High Energy Radiotherapy (10 MV 이상 고에너지 치료 시 발생되는 광중성자의 영향)

  • Park, Byoung Suk;Ahn, Jong Ho;Kwon, Dong Yeol;Seo, Jeong Min;Song, Ki Weon
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: High-energy radiotherapy with 10 MV or higher develops photoneutron through photonuclear reaction. Photoneutron has higher radiation weighting factor than X-ray, thus low dose can greatly affect the human body. An accurate dosimetric calculation and consultation are needed. This study compared and analyzed the dose change of photoneutron in terms of space according to the size of photon beam energy and treatment methods. Materials and Methods: To measure the dose change of photoneutron by the size of photon beam energy, patients with the same therapy area were recruited and conventional plans with 10 MV and 15 MV were each made. To measure the difference between the two treatment methods, 10 MV conventional plan and 10 MV IMRT plan was made. A detector was placed at the point which was 100 cm away from the photon beam isocenter, which was placed in the center of $^3He$ proportional counter, and the photoneutron dose was measured. $^3He$ proportional counter was placed 50 cm longitudinally superior to and inferior to the couch with the central point as the standard to measure the dose change by position changes. A commercial program was used for dose change analysis. Results: The average integral dose by energy size was $220.27{\mu}Sv$ and $526.61{\mu}Sv$ in 10 MV and 15 MV conventional RT, respectively. The average dose increased 2.39 times in 15 MV conventional RT. The average photoneutron integral dose in conventional RT and IMRT with the same energy was $220.27{\mu}Sv$ and $308.27{\mu}Sv$ each; the dose in IMRT increased 1.40 times. The average photoneutron integral dose by measurement location resulted significantly higher in point 2 than 3 in conventional RT, 7.1% higher in 10 MV, and 3.0% higher in 15 MV. Conclusion: When high energy radiotherapy, it should consider energy selection, treatment method and patient position to reduce unnecessary dose by photoneutron. Also, the dose data of photoneutron needs to be systematized to find methods to apply computerization programs. This is considered to decrease secondary cancer probabilities and side effects due to radiation therapy and to minimize unnecessary dose for the patients.

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Evaluation of Photoneutron Dose for Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy by Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSLD) (전립선암 방사선치료 시 광자극발광선량계를 이용한 광중성자선량 평가)

  • Lee, Joo-Ah;Back, Geum-Mun;Kim, Yeon-Soo;Son, Soon-Yong;Choi, Kwan-Woo;Yoo, Beong-Gyu;Jeong, Hoi-Woun;Jung, Jae-Hong;Kim, Ki-Won;Min, Jung-Whan
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.125-134
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    • 2014
  • This study is to provide basic information regarding photoneutron doses in terms of radiation treatment techniques and the number of portals in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) by measuring the photoneutron doses. Subjects of experiment were 10 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and have received radiation treatment for 5 months from September 2013 to January 2014 in the department of radiation oncology in S hospital located in Seoul. Thus, radiation treatment plans were created for 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT), Volumetric-Modulated Arc Radiotherapy (VMAT), IMRT 5, 7, and 9 portals. The average difference of photoneutron dose was compared through descriptive statistics and variance analysis, and analyzed influence factors through correlation analysis and regression analysis. In summarized results, 3D-CRT showed the lowest average photoneutron dose, while IMRT caused the highest dose with statistically significance (p <.01). The photoneutron dose by number of portals of IMRT was $4.37{\pm}1.08mSv$ in average and statistically showed very significant difference among the number of portals (p <.01). Number of portals and photoneutron dose are shown that the correlation coefficient is 0.570, highly statistically significant positive correlation (p <.01). As a result of the linear regression analysis of number of portals and photoneutron dose, it showed that photoneutron dose significantly increased by 0.373 times in average as the number of portals increased by 1 stage. In conclusion, this study can be expected to be used as a quantitative basic data to select an appropriate IMRT plans regarding photoneutron dose in radiation treatment for prostate cancer.

Evaluation of Photoneutron During Radiation Therapy when Using Flattening Filter and Tracking Jaw with High Energy X-ray (고 에너지 X선 방사선치료 시 Flattening Filter와 Tracking Jaw 사용에 따른 광중성자 발생 평가)

  • Park, Euntae;Jin, Seongjin;Park, Cheolwoo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.125-131
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    • 2016
  • Radiation therapy is usually using linear accelerator and used X-ray energy is also getting higher. Recently linear accelerators has been developed 3F mode and tracking jaw technology and that was applied for patient therapy. This study aims at measuring photoneutrons depending on the use of 3F and tracking jaw system when radiation is irradiated using a linear accelerator. The generation of photoneutrons of 3F system was 70% smaller than 2F system and that of tracking jaw system was 83% higher than static jaw system. Photoneutron value is relatively low. However, it must be minimized for Photoneutron exposure during radiation therapy.

Experimental investigation of the photoneutron production out of the high-energy photon fields at linear accelerator (고에너지 방사선치료 시 치료변수에 따른 광중성자 선량 변화 연구)

  • Kim, Yeon Su;Yoon, In Ha;Bae, Sun Myeong;Kang, Tae Young;Baek, Geum Mun;Kim, Sung Hwan;Nam, Uk Won;Lee, Jae Jin;Park, Yeong Sik
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.257-264
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    • 2014
  • Purpose : Photoneutron dose in high-energy photon radiotherapy at linear accelerator increase the risk for secondary cancer. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the dose variation of photoneutron with different treatment method, flattening filter, dose rate and gantry angle in radiation therapy with high-energy photon beam ($E{\geq}8MeV$). Materials and Methods : TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$(Ver1.5, Varian, USA) and Korea Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (KTEPC) were used to detect the photoneutron dose out of the high-energy photon field. Complex Patient plans using Eclipse planning system (Version 10.0, Varian, USA) was used to experiment with different treatment technique(IMRT, VMAT), condition of flattening filter and three different dose rate. Scattered photoneutron dose was measured at eight different gantry angles with open field (Field size : $5{\time}5cm$). Results : The mean values of the detected photoneutron dose from IMRT and VMAT were $449.7{\mu}Sv$, $2940.7{\mu}Sv$. The mean values of the detected photoneutron dose with Flattening Filter(FF) and Flattening Filter Free(FFF) were measured as $2940.7{\mu}Sv$, $232.0{\mu}Sv$. The mean values of the photoneutron dose for each test plan (case 1, case 2 and case 3) with FFF at the three different dose rate (400, 1200, 2400 MU/min) were $3242.5{\mu}Sv$, $3189.4{\mu}Sv$, $3191.2{\mu}Sv$ with case 1, $3493.2{\mu}Sv$, $3482.6{\mu}Sv$, $3477.2{\mu}Sv$ with case 2 and $4592.2{\mu}Sv$, $4580.0{\mu}Sv$, $4542.3{\mu}Sv$ with case 3, respectively. The mean values of the photoneutron dose at eight different gantry angles ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $225^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$, $315^{\circ}$) were measured as $3.2{\mu}Sv$, $4.3{\mu}Sv$, $5.3{\mu}Sv$, $11.3{\mu}Sv$, $14.7{\mu}Sv$, $11.2{\mu}Sv$, $3.7{\mu}Sv$, $3.0{\mu}Sv$ at 10MV and as $373.7{\mu}Sv$, $369.6{\mu}Sv$, $384.4{\mu}Sv$, $423.6{\mu}Sv$, $447.1{\mu}Sv$, $448.0{\mu}Sv$, $384.5{\mu}Sv$, $377.3{\mu}Sv$ at 15MV. Conclusion : As a result, it is possible to reduce photoneutron dose using FFF mode and VMAT method with TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$. The risk for secondary cancer of the patients will be decreased with continuous evaluation of the photoneutron dose.