• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1591-1600
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• 2015

The response of the freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, to heavy metal stress was examined based on chlorophyll fluorescence analysis to assess the toxic effects of heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems. When toxic effects were analyzed using regular chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, photosystem II activity($F_v/F_m$) decreased significantly when exposed to $Cu^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ for 12 h, and decreased in the order of $Hg^{2+}>Cu^{2+}>Cd^{2+}>Ni^{2+}$ when exposed for 24h. The effective photochemical quantum yield(${\phi}{\prime}_{PSII}$), chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio($R_{Fd}$), minimal fluorescence yield($F_o$), and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ), but not photochemical quenching(qP), responded sensitively to $Hg^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$. These results suggest that $F_v/F_m$, as well as ${\phi}{\prime}_{PSII}$, $R_{Fd}$, $F_o$, and NPQ could be used to assess the effects of heavy metal ions in freshwater ecosystems. However, because many types of heavy metal ions and toxic compounds co-occur under natural conditions, it is difficult to assess heavy metal toxicity in freshwater ecosystems. When Chlorella was exposed to heavy metal ions for 12 or 24h, $F_v/F_m$ and maximal fluorescence yield($F_m$) changed in response to $Hg^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ based on image analysis. However, assessing quantitatively the toxic effects of several heavy metal ions is challenging.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 엽록소 형광반응 (OJIP)분석을 통해 고추재배에서 폐달걀 분해 액비의 생육증진효과에 대하여 평가하였다. 고추재배 전기간을 통하여 고추의 생장은 통계학적으로 유의성을 보이지는 않았으나, 폐달걀 분해 액비를 처리한 실험구에서 좋은 생육을 보였다. 엽록소 형광반응 실험 시작한 후 무처리구의 엽록소 형광량이 분해 액비의 형광량보다 커서 분해 액비 처리구의 광이용 효율이 더 좋았음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 결국 광합성량의 증가로 이어질 것으로 판단된다. 광화학 매개변수 중 Fo, ABS/RC, RC/ABS, TRo/RC, $DI_0$/RC, $\text{DF_{TOTAL ABS}}$ 등 6개 parameter가 광화학 반응의 효율을 나타내는 중요한 요인으로 판단되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to determine the drought stress index through photochemical analysis in red pepper (Capsiumannuum L.). The photochemical interpretation was performed in the basis of the relation between Kautsky effect and Photosystem II (PSII) following the measurement of chlorophyll, pheophytin contents, and $CO_2$ assimilation in drought stressed 5-week-old red pepper plants. The $CO_2$ assimilation rate was severely lowered with almost 77% reduction of chlorophyll and pheophytin contents at four days after non-irrigation. It was clearly observed that the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rose from a minimum level (the O level), in less than one second, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I (OJIP process). Drought factor index (DFI) was also calculated using measured OJIP parameters. The DFI was -0.22, meaning not only the initial inhibition of PSII but also sequential inhibition of PSI. In real, most of all photochemical parameters such as quantum yield of the electron transport flux from Quinone A ($Q_A$) to Quinone B ($Q_B$), quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, average absorbed photon flux per PSII reaction center, and electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per cross section were profoundly reduced except number of QA reducing reaction centers (RCs) per PSII antenna chlorophyll (RC/ABS). It was illuminated that at least 6 parameters related with quantum yield/efficiency and specific energy fluxes (per active PSII RC) could be applied to be used as the drought stress index. Furthermore, in the combination of parameters, driving forces (DF) for photochemical activity could be deduced from the performance index (PI) for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna until the reduction of PSI acceptors. In conclusion, photochemical responses and their related parameters can be used as physiological DFI.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

본 연구는 파종시기와 질소시비 수준에 대한 옥수수의 광화학적 반응을 분석하여 광생리적 특성을 해석하였다. 1. 5월 22일 파종시 질소 함량이 증가함에 따라 생육후기까지 엽록소 형광량 또한 증가하여 질소 배량처리에서 광이용효율이 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 2. 생육초기의 형광량이 가장 높았으며, 이후 모든 처리구에서 엽록소 형광량이 50% 가량 감소하여 전자전달을 위한 광화학 반응이 크게 감소했음을 알 수 있었다. 3. 질소 반량구에서 활성화된 RC (RC/ABS)가 감소하며 13% 이상의 에너지가 손실되었으며, 결국 전자전달시 에너지 전환효율(PI, DF 등)이 감소해 광이용효율이 낮았다. 4. 배량 처리구는 생육후기로 갈수록 전자전달 효율(ET2o/CS) 및 단면당 활성화된 RC(RC/CS) 등 광이용 효율이 대조구 대비 크게 증가하여 광합성기구 사이의 전자전달이 잘 이루어지는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.390-399
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• 2010

한발과 염 스트레스에 대한 콩의 저항성 검정에 있어서 Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)을 적용하기 위하여, 저항성 콩 (신팔달콩 2호)와 대조구 콩 (태광콩)을 이용하여 제한적 관수 (50 m/pot/day) 와 염 (200 mmol NaCl) 처리를 한 후, 엽록소 형광반응의 변수, maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry ($F_v/F_m$), efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (${\Phi}_{PSII}$), NPQ와 $CO_2$ 동화율 ($P_N$) 을 측정하였다. 콩 두 품종의 엽 수분포텐셜은 한발처리에서 -0.2 MPa에서 -0.8 MPa로, 염처리에서는 -0.7 MPa에서 -1.7 MPa로 감소하였다. 염처리에서 엽 수분함량의 감소는 신팔달콩 2호에서 적었다. 두 품종 모두 엽의 수분포텐셜이 감소함에 따라 $F_v/F_m$은 변화가 없었으며, ${\Phi}_{PSII}$와 $P_N$는 감소하였다. NPQ의 경우, 신팔달콩 2호은 한발과 염처리에 모두에서 반응이 나타난 반면, 태광콩에서는 한발처리에서만 나타났다. 두 품종의 모든 처리에서 ${\Phi}_{PSII}$와 $P_N$간에 정의 상관 관계를 보였으나, $P_N$의 감소에 대한 ${\Phi}_{PSII}$의 감소 정도가 신팔달콩 2호에서 적었다. 또한 삼투처리에 따른 ${\Phi}_{PSII}$의 감소와 NPQ의 증가는 신팔달콩 2호에서만 나타나 ${\Phi}_{PSII}$와 NPQ 간의 부의 관계가 유지된 반면, 태광콩에서는 염처리에서 이들간의 연관성이 없었다. 따라서 본 연구는 삼투 저항성의 검정에 있어서 엽록소 형광반응의 단일변수($F_v/F_m$, ${\Phi}_{PSII}$, 및 NPQ)의 이용보다 ${\Phi}_{PSII}$와 NPQ 의 상호관계 분석이 더 유효한 것을 제시하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.359-359
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• 2011

This study reports the H2S gas sensing properties of CuO / ZnO nano-hetero structure bundle and the investigation of gas sensing mechanism. The 1-Dimensional ZnO nano-structure was synthesized by hydrothermal method and CuO / ZnO nano-heterostructures were prepared by photo chemical reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed a well-crystalline ZnO of hexagonal structure. In order to improve the H2S gas sensing properties, simple type of gas sensor was fabricated with ZnO nano-heterostructures, which were prepared by photo-chemical deposition of CuO on the ZnO nanorods bundle. The furnace type gas sensing system was used to characterize sensing properties with diluted H2S gas (50 ppm) balanced air at various operating temperature up to 500$^{\circ}C$. The H2S gas response of ZnO nanorods bundle sensor increased with increasing temperature, which is thought to be due to chemical reaction of nanorods with gas molecules. Through analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the sensing mechanism of ZnO nanorods bundle sensor was explained by well-known surface reaction between ZnO surface atoms and hydrogen sulfide. However at high sensing temperature, chemical conversion of ZnO nanorods becomes a dominant sensing mechanism in current system. Photo-chemically fabricated CuO/ZnO heteronanostructures show higher gas response and higher current level than ZnO nanorods bundle. The gas sensing mechanism of the heteronanostructure can be explained by the chemical conversion of sensing material through the reaction with H2S gas.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.705-715
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• 2013

The response of the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris to mercuric ion ($Hg^{2+}$) stress was examined using chlorophyll a fluorescence image analysis and O-J-I-P analysis as a way to monitor the toxic effects of mercury on water ecosystems. The levels of photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, decreased with increasing $Hg^{2+}$ concentration. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II(Fv/Fm) changed remarkably with increasing $Hg^{2+}$ concentration and treatment time. In particular, above $200{\mu}M\;Hg^{2+}$, considerable mercury toxicity was seen within 2 h. The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient O-J-I-P was also remarkably affected by $Hg^{2+}$; the fluorescence emission decreased considerably in steps J, I, and P with an increase in $Hg^{2+}$ concentration when treated for 4 h. Subsequently, the JIP-test parameters (Fm, Fv/Fo, RC/CS, TRo/CS, ETo/CS, ${\Phi}_{PO}$, ${\Psi}_O$ and ${\Phi}_{EO}$) decreased with increasing $Hg^{2+}$ concentration, while N, Sm, ABS/RC, DIo/RC and DIo/CS increased. Therefore, a useful biomarker for investigating mercury stress in water ecosystems, and the parameters Fm, ${\Phi}_{PO}$, ${\Psi}_O$, and RC/CS can be used to monitor the environmental stress in water ecosystems quantitatively.

• ALGAE
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2024

Red macroalga Pyropia yezoensis is a high valuable cultivated marine crop. Its acclimation to cold stress is especially important for long cultivation period across winter in coasts of warm temperate zone in East Asia. In this study, the response of P. yezoensis thalli to low temperature was analyzed on physiology and transcriptome level, to explore its acclimation mechanism to cold stress. The results showed that the practical photosynthesis activity (indicated by Φ_PSII and qP) was depressed and pigment allophycocyanin content was decreased during the cold stress of 48 h. However, the F_v/F_m and non-photochemical quenching increased significantly after 24 h, and the average growth rate of thalli also rebounded from 24 to 48 h, indicating a certain extent of acclimation to cold stress. On transcriptionally, the low temperature promoted the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, while genes related to photosynthetic system were depressed. The increased expression of DEGs involved in ribosomal biogenesis and lipid metabolism which could accelerate protein synthesis and enhance the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, might help P. yezoensis thallus cells to cope with cold stress. Further co-expression network analysis revealed differential expression trends along with stress time, and corresponding hub genes play important roles in the systemic acquired acclimation to cold stress. This study provides basic mechanisms of P. yezoensis acclimation to cold temperature and may aid in exploration of functional genes for genetic breeding of economic macroalgae.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.545-554
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• 1998

The diurnal variation of O3 concentration shows two peaks, the first peak at noontime and the secondary peak at night. In order to show why the secondary peak, high nocturnal O3 concentration, occurs without sunlight which is a essential factor of a photochemical response, the O3 concentration, several weather elements and synoptic weather map were used for June∼September at 1995, 1996. The mean concentration of high nocturnal O3 concentration days is higher by 5.4 ppb than that of low nocturnal O3 concentration days. The nocturnal O3 concentration is higher than that of diurnal O3 concentration during high nocturnal O3 concentration days, at July, 1995 and June, 1996. The high nocturnal O3 concentration is related to low air pressure, high cloud cover and high wind speed. The correlation coefficient, r. between nocturnal O3 concentration and wind speed, pressure and cloud cover is 0.387, -0.218, and 0.194, respeftiviely. It is interesting that the O3 concentration increases at Pusan when the typhoon passes by. The same result showed at Taegu when the typhoon FAYE passed by. According to the analysis of nocturnal O3 concentration for June∼September at 1995 and 1996, it seems that the high nocturnal O3 concentration relates to the trough and cyclones passing by Pusan.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2015

본 연구는 가로 수목의 조기 활착으로 도로로부터 발생하는 탄소를 효과적으로 저감할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 컨테이너(용기) 수목의 이식 효율성을 검증하였다. 컨테이너에서 재배된 수목은 이식 활착성을 높이고, 부적기 이식 제한을 극복할 수 있어 도로와 같은 변형된 토양환경에 적합하다. 가로수로서 가치가 높은 팥배나무를 대상으로 컨테이너에서 재배된 수목과 노지에서 재배된 수목을 각기 멀칭 및 제초처리하여 수목의 건전도를 비교하였다. 연구의 방법으로서 엽록소 형광 반응 분석을 이용한 팥배나무의 식재 방법별 광화학 반응 해석을 통해 건전성 평가하였다. 팥배나무의 식재 방법은 노지 멀칭, 컨테이너 제초 및 컨테이너 멀칭 재배로 구분하여 재배하였다. 연구의 결과로서 노지 멀칭 팥배나무에서 최대 형광량(P)이 가장 낮았으며, O-J 전이 과정 중 형광량이 증가하며, 광계 II 전자전달 효율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 광계 II에서 광계 I까지의 전자전달 에너지 플럭스(RE1o/RC, RE1o/CS) 또한, 노지 멀칭 재배에서 20% 이상 감소하였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 도로와 같이 성토 및 절토로 인하여 수목 생장 여건이 불리한 상황에서 수목의 이식 후 조기 활착을 검증한 결과 컨테이너에서 재배된 수목이 노지에서 재배된 수목보다 활착이 빠르고, 수목 건전도가 높은 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 또한 식재 방법도 식재 후 제초에 의한 방법보다 멀칭 처리한 수목이 건전도가 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 도로와 같이 지속적으로 식재 후 관리가 어려운 여건에서는 주기적인 제초 처리보다는 이식 초기에 멀칭처리하는 것이 관리의 용이성 도모하며, 수목 건전도를 높일 수 있다.