• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.20-25
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• 2021

Milking parlor wastewater contains high concentration suspended solid (SS), nitrogen, and/or phosphate as well as organic compounds. A new biological wastewater process by magnetic separation, magnetic activated sludge (MAS) process, was applied to milking parlor wastewater treatment process. A three step wastewater treatment process of coagulation sedimentation / ammonia stripping (C/S), magnetic activated sludge process and contact oxidation (CO) was proposed for removal of these pollutants. First step, C/S process recovered 96% TN and 96% PO₄^3--P as resource for fertilizer from the wastewater. 81% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater was removed after MAS process. As a results, all pollutant concentrations satisfied Japanese effluent standards. Most of residual BOD and SS were removed by the CO process. It was estimated that the proposed process could reduce the process space to 1/7.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.17-31
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• 2010

Objectives : Ganoderma Lucidum has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat various conditions including chronic fatigue and cough. This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of yeast-fermented Ganoderma Lucidum extract on the fatigue of rats elicited by forced swimming. Materials and methods : The rat subjects were divided into 4 groups: normal group, control group administered with 0.9% normal saline, experimental I(Exp I) group administered with yeast-fermented Ganoderma lucidum extract and experimental II(Exp II) group administered with Ganoderma lucidum extract for 4 weeks. All the serum samples collected by heart puncture were used to measure biochemical factors such as glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine kinase(CK), inorganic phosphorus, ammonia, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), high-density lipoprotein(HDL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT). Results : 1. Weight change and swimming time were not significantly different in the experimental groups as compared with control group. 2. Lactate was significantly decreased in the experimental groups as compared with control group. Inorganic phosphorus was also significantly decreased in the Exp I group as compared with control group(p<0.05). 3. Serum lipid concentration was not significantly different in the experimental groups as compared with control group. 4. AST and ALT were significantly decrease in the experimental groups as compared with control group. Conclusions : Yeast-fermented Ganoderma lucidum in forced swimming rats would appear to reduce fatigue-related factors, AST, ALT of serum and promote anti-fatigue effect.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.118-120
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• 1990

A mulberry field and 3 graftage nurseries in Puyo were flooded for 2 to 5 days in 1987 to investigate flood damage. The effect of fertilization upon fall yield in previously flood fields was also studied. The results were : 1. Graftage which received 2 days of flood were alive with decaying leaves submerged under water. Graftages submerged completely for 5 days died, whereas those whose top appeared above the water lived. Graftages which were knocked down by water and scratched by sand, following washing by a fire engine, died. 2. Mulberry trees flooded for 5 days were alive when tops were above the water. 3. Mud soil carried by the flood and deposited on the mulberry had a pH of 6.43, organic matter 2.4%, and available phosphorus of 124ppm. The original sandy soil of the mulberry field had a pH of 5.52, organic matter 0.3%, and available phosphorus of 467ppm. Mud, as a clayey soil with higth fertility, may play a role in soil building. 4. Mulberry from the flooded field showed 3.4% higher yield with additional fertilization than no fertilization. This suggests nitrogen a mobile element, was lost in the flood.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.162-174
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• 1981

Fiftysix male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain weighing $52.6{\pm} 0.9g$ were fed with 77% starch-15% casein diet by ad libitum for four days to get them adapted and divided into eight groups. For three weeks, the body weight gain of rats was controlled in three different ranges. After the period of food restriction, the rats were recovered by being fed by ad libitum for seventeen days. During the experimental period, the amount of food intake and body weight were measured. And the experimental groups were compared when they reached at the same age and at the same body weight. Anterior Tibialis, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Soleus, Plantaris, Gastrocnemius were used as analytic items of skeletal muscle. Wet weight of muscle, muscle protein, water content were measured from each of five skeletal muscles. Sodium, potassium, magnesium content were measured from Anterior Tibialis, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Soleus ana Plantaris. Phosphorus was measured only from Gastrocnemius. The whole carcass protein except the skeletal muscles was also measured. During the period of food restriction, food intake was $311.7{\pm}19.5g$ for the control group. $130.2{\pm}1.5g$ for the second group and $161.7{\pm}2.1g$ for the third group. During the period of food restriction, body weight gain was $106.8{\pm}12.7g$ for the control group, $3.6{\pm}2.1g$ for the second group and $18.9{\pm}3.3g$ for the third group. Comparing the body weight when they reached at the age 66 days, the control group showed higher value than the other groups. In the concentration of electrolytes of skeletal muscles sodium and magnesium tend to increase and potassium and phosphorus tend to decrease by food restriction. But after their recovery, there was no significant difference between the groups. By the degree of food restriction, there was time difference in reaching at the same body weight. But when they reached at the same body weight, there was no significant difference in the value of electrolytes concentration. Regarding all the results of this study, the ages of rats which reached the same body weight were different by food restriction level during weanling. Once food·restricted rats reached the same body weight by recovery, the concentration of electrolytes and protein tend to become almost the same.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2019

The recovery of struvite using nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters is useful for prevention of eutrophication and use as fertilizer, but there are theoretical and technical issues to be resolved. Through the detailed literature review, this study discusses the possible reasonable prediction of struvite formation reaction by setting a feasible reaction equation with some theoretical considerations. In a technical aspect, the purity of struvite in solid precipitates can be promoted by excluding Ca in an effective way. As for the struvite reaction prediction issue, selection of proper equilibrium reaction as well as its reaction equilibrium coefficient is significant in the neutral and basic pH regions. The equilibrium reaction agrees well with the experimental batch test results. Considering the charge balance of the ions, the pH drop along struvite formation in a diluted solution can be predicted. Also, improvement of struvite purity through elimination of Ca can be expected by providing a highly concentrated ${NH_4}^+-N$ relative to ${HPO_4}^{2-}-P$ because ${NH_4}^+$ can enhance the thermodynamic driving force toward favorable struvite formation. Even though the phosphate reacts rapidly with Ca to form a solid precipitate, the thermodynamic driving force due to the high ${NH_4}^+$ activity can dissociate the phosphate-calcium precipitates and produce struvite.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.27-37
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• 2021

Objectives : In the current study, we performed the 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity test and a 4-week recovery test of standardized Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. and Psoralea corylifolia L. 30 % ethanol extract (SCP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats owing to aims for verifying no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Methods : The animal study was performed according to OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals section 4 health effects test No.408 repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents (03 October 2008). In the repeated dose toxicity study, SCP was orally administered to female and male rats at dose levels of 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg/day for 13-week. The control group and high dose (4,000 mg/kg/day) group were then monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. 1) Results : Compared with the control group, there were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, 𝛾-Glutamyl transpeptidase, Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine, Glucose, Total cholesterol, Total protein, Creatine phosphokinase, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Triglyceride, Inorganic phosphorus, Albumin/Globulin ratio, Calcium ion, Sodium ion, Potassium ion, Chloride ion), necropsy findings and organ weight (Ovary, Adrenal gland, Pituitary, Thymus, Prostate, Testis, Epididymis, Spleen, Kidney, Heart, Lung, Brain, Liver) at any dose tested. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that the NOAEL of SCP in both genders was considered as over 4,000 mg/kg. Results from this study provide scientific evidence for the safety of SCP.

• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2023

The recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-based secondary batteries is very important in terms of efficiently utilizing earth's limited number of resources. Currently, the cathode material of a LiFePO₄ battery, a type of battery which is widely used in automobiles, contains approximately 5% lithium. After use, the lithium in these batteries can be used again as a raw material for new batteries through lithium recycling. In this study, low-concentration sulfuric acid, a commonly used type of inorganic acid, was used to selectively leach the lithium contained in a waste LiFePO₄ cathode material powder. In addition, in order to compare and analyze the leaching efficiency and separation efficiency of each component, the optimalleaching conditions were derived by applying a two-step leaching process with pulp density being used as a variable during leaching. When leaching with pulp density as a variable, it was confirmed that at a pulp density of 200 g/L, the separation efficiency was approximately 200 times higher than at other pulp densities because the iron and phosphorus components were hardly leached at this pulp density. Accordingly, the pulp density of 200 g/L was used tooptimize the leaching conditions for the selective leaching and recovery of lithium.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 1996

Diphenyl ethanolamidophosphate(DPEAD) was synthesized for the purpose of developing a new flame retardant for cotton fabric. As the intermediate material was used diphenyl chlorophosphate(DPCP) and it was synthesized by using phosphorus oxychloride and phenol as the starting materials. The final product DPEAP was obtained by the reaction of DPCP and ethanolamine. The flame retardancy of cotton fabrics treated by DPEAP through pad-dry-cure(PDC) process was examined at various conditions. The physical property change of the DPEAP treated cotton fabrics were investigated by examining the drape stiffness, the wrinkle recovery, and the tensile strength. The results are summarized as follows: (1) DPEAP has shown excellent flame retardancy on cotton fabrics in comparison to other flame retardants for cotton fabrics available commercially. (2) The optimal condition for PDC process found was that the curing temperature was 16$0^{\circ}C$, the DPEAP concentration was 10%, the catalyst $({NH_{4})_{2}HPO_{4}$ concentration was 7.0%, and the fixing agent hexamethylol melamine (HMM)/DPEAP weight ratio was 1/8. (3) The wrinkle recovery of the processed fabrics increased with increasing DPEAP concentration. (4) The drape stiffness of the cotton fabrics treated by DPEAP have shown essentially no change until increasing DPEAP concentration to 15 %, however DPEAP concentration exceeds 20% the drape stiffness increased drastically with increasing DPEAP concentration. When DPEAP concentration is kept constant the drape stiffness increased with increasing $({NH_{4})_{2}HPO_{4}$ concentration and HMM/DPEAP weight ratio. (5) The tensile strength of the processed fabrics was lower than that of untreated fabrics, but the tensile strength retention increased with increasing DPEAP concentration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2017

This study investigated effects of physical and chemical cleaning methods on the initial flux recovery of fouled membrane in membrane distillation process. A laboratory scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) experiment was performed to treat digested livestock wastewater with 3.89 mg/L suspended solids, 874.7 mg/L COD, 543.7 mg/L nitrogen, 15.6 mg/L total phosphorus, and pH of 8.6. A hydrophobic PVDF membrane with an average pore size of $0.22{\mu}m$ and a porosity of 75 % was installed inside a direct contact type membrane distillation module. The temperature difference between feed and permeate side was maintained at $40^{\circ}C$ with the feed and permeate stream velocity of 0.18 m/s. The results showed that the permeate flux decreased from $22.1L{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ to $19.0L{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ after 75 hours of distillation. The fouled membrane was cleaned first by physical flushing and consecutively by chemicals with NaOCl and citric acid. After the physical cleaning the flux was recovered to 92 % as compared with the initial clean water flux of the virgin membrane. Then 94 % of the flux was recovered after cleaning by 2,000 ppm NaOCl for 90 minutes and finally 97 % of flux recovered after 3 % citric acid for 90 minutes. SEM-EDS and FT-IR analysis results presented that the foulants on the membrane surface were removed effectively after each cleaning step. The contact angle measurement showed that the hydrophobicity of the membrane surface was also restored gradually after each cleaning step to reach nearly the same hydrophobicity level as the virgin membrane.