• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.65-68
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• 2011

The effects of column length and particle size on the efficiency of separation and characterization of phospholipids (PLs) are investigated using nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS-MS). Since PLs are associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction, it is of increasing interests in lipidomics to establish reliable analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative profiling of PLs related to biomarker development in adult diseases. Due to the complexity of PLs, the preliminary separation of PLs is necessary prior to MS analysis. In this study, length of capillary column and the particle size of reversed phase ($C_{18}$) packing materials are varied to find a reliable condition for the high speed and high resolution separation using 8 PL standard mixtures. From experiments, it was found that a capillary column of nLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis for PL mixtures can be minimized to a 5 cm long pulled tip column packed with 3 ${\mu}m$ $C_{18}$ particles without losing resolution.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.561-566
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• 2015

Effect of the addition of egg yolk lecithin at a concentration of 350 mg/kg on iron-catalyzed autoxidation and chlorophyll-photosensitized oxidation of a water/canola oil emulsion (W/O) during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ was studied based on headspace oxygen consumption and hydroperoxide production. Changes in the phospholipid (PL) composition of the emulsion were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Headspace oxygen consumption and hydroperoxide content of the emulsion increased with storage time, and addition of egg yolk lecithin did not have any significant effect on these parameters during iron-catalyzed autoxidation and chlorophyll-photosensitized oxidation of the emulsion. PL content of the emulsion decreased during both oxidations, and the degradation rate was higher during autoxidation than during photosensitized oxidation. Phosphatidylcholine content ratio tended to increase during autoxidation. The results suggest that egg yolk lecithin in canola oil emulsion behaves differently during iron-catalyzed autoxidation and chlorophyll-photosensitized oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.779-792
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• 1995

The effects of deoxygenizer (Deoxy) and sodium-erythorbate (Na-ery) on the changes in fatty acid compositions were investigated to prevent the loss of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid of bolied and dried-anchovy during storage. After storage for 5 months, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total lipid (TL) in Deoxy group decreased only $3.0\%\;and\;0.5\%$, respectively, compared to those of before storage. However, those in Control group decreased 9.5\%\;and\;2.3\%,$ respectively. In the case of Na­ery group, the percentages of DHA and EPA decreased were lower than those of Control. Most of DHA and EPA in n was lost in the early stage of storage. Total DHA remained in phospholipid (PL), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions after storage for 5 months were $98\%,\;66\%\;and\;62\%$ in Deoxy, Na-ery and Control group, respectively, and total EPA remained was slightly high level compared with those of DHA. The loss of DHA was more in PL than in TG. Consequently, deoxygenizer was recognized as a good material to prevent the loss of DHA and EPA of the boiled and dried-anchovy during storage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of Zizyphus jujuba seed extract on the concentrations of the lipids and blood glucose in the S.D. rats fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups (group 2 (cholesterol+water), group 3 (cholesterol+Zizyphus jujuba seed extract)) than those in the control group (group 1, basal diet+water). But the concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG, PL and blood glucose in serum ware remarkably lower in the group 3 than those in the group 2. In the ratio of HIDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group was higher percentage than in the group 2. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group (group 3) than in the cholesterol diet group (group 2). From the above research, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of dietary hyperlipidemic rats. And particularly, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were more effective as a therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.469-475
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• 1994

Lipid content and fatty acids composition of anchovy sauce were investigated during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;37^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. Total lipid(TL) of raw anchovy was composed of $80.8\%$(1.98g/100g) of non-polar lipid(NL), $19.2\%$ (0.47g/100g) of phospholipid(PL) The contents of TL, NL and PL in the anchovy sauce decreased during fermentation, but the ratio of NL/TL increased from $81.1\%\;to\;90.0\%$ while that of PL/TL decreased from $18.9\%\;to\;10.0\%$. The major fatty acids in TL and NL fractions of fermented anchovy sauce were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, 22:6n-3 was highest in the PL fraction regardless of temperature or fermentation time.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.595-601
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate dietary lipid intakes and the plasma lipoprotein levels and fatty acid composition of eight healthy young Korean women for 7 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were taken on the last day of dietary survey. The plasma were fractinated to very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) by ultracentrifugation. From each fraction, the content of triglyceride (TG), phospholipid(PL), cholesterol(CHOL), free fatty acid(FFA) and protein were determined. Fatty acid composition of total plasma lipid was alos analyzed. The subjects consumed 34.7$\pm$2.8g of fat daily. The ingested amounts of EPA and DHA were 0.2 and 0.4g/day, respectively. They also consumed 112.2$\pm$12.9mg of cholesterol per day. The concentrations of VLDL, LDL and HDL in the plasma were 66.5$\pm$6.1, 114.0$\pm$8.8 and 129.4$\pm$5.1mg/dL, respectively, so the percentages of VLDL, LDL, and HDL were 20.7, 44.8 and 34.5%, respectively. The VLDL was composed of 27.5mg/dL of TG, 39.7 of PL, 58.8 of CHOL, 3.1 of FFA, and 22.4 of protein. The HDL had 10.7mg/dL of TG, 23.7 of PL, 18.7 of CHOL, 2.6 of FFA, and 73.7 of protein. In the plasma, linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by palmitic and oleic acid, the percentages of these 3 fatty acids were 30.8, 23.4 and 17.7%, respectively. The result indicated that the plasma levels of lipoprotein in the healthy young Korean women were slightly low and the levels of EPA and DHA were relatively high, compared to the data of other investigatiors. This might be due to the fact that they consumed less fat and cholesterol and higher EPA and DHA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to observe the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) level on colonic mucosal levels of cell proliferation, 1, 2-diacylglycerol(DAG), TXB2, PGE2 and phospholipid fatty acid composition which have been known as biomarkers for colon cancer. One hundred male Sprague Dawley rats, at 7 weeks of age, were divided into two fat type groups. Each group of which was further divided into two Ca level groups. Each rt was intramuscularly injected with 1, 2,-dimenthylhydrazine(DMH) for 6 weeks (total dose of 180mg/kg body weight) and simultaneously fed one of four experimental diets containing 15% dietary fat(corn oil or perilla oil )and 0.3% or 1.0% Ca by weight for 20 weeks. Compared to corn oil, perilla oil significantly reduced cell proliferation by decreasing labeling index, proliferating zone, crypt length in colonic mucosa and colonic mucosa and colonic mucosal levels of DAG, TXB2 . PGE2 and phospolipid (PL) arachidonic acid distribution. The effect of Ca on biomarketrs was different depending on the type of dietary fat comsumed . Ca effect of Ca on biomarkers was different depending on the type of dietary fat comsumed. Ca effect was not significantly shown in the PO group, but it was significant in the CO group in which high Ca(1.0%) decreased the levels of levels of PL-C20 : 4(%), DAG and PGE2 . However , high Ca supplementation had shown only the trends of improving cell proliferation. Overall , high dietary Ca significantly reduced cell proliferation by inhibiting the synthesis of eicosanoid and DAG with reduced distribution of PL-C20 : 4 , which may have resulted in lower activation of PKC through reduced signal transduction. Since a high level of dietary Ca was more effective in reducing the risk factor against colon cancer in corn oil fed rats, it could be suggested that a higher amount of dietary Ca be consumed , especially when more vegetable oil rich in linoleic acid is included in the diet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.595-600
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• 1997

The oil content and composition of squid visera were determined to obtain data for utilization of this by-product. There was no significant difference in the glycolipid (GL) and phospholipid (PL) content in Illex argentinus and Todarodes pacificus, but neutral lipid (NL) was different (p<0.05). The viscera oil of I. argentinus contained $30.50\%$ total lipid which consisted of $96.24\%$ NL, $2.63\%$ GL, $2.37\%$ PL, and contained $644mg\%$ cholesterol. The viscera oil of T. pacificus contained $30.20\%$ total lipid which consisted of $94.82\%$ NL, $2.85\%$ GL, $2.34\%$ PL, and contained $1,224\;mg\%$ cholesterol. The NL, GL and PL of viscera oil in I. argentinus mainly consist of triglyceride $(44.01\%)$, esterified steryl glycosides $(58.95\%)$ and phosphatidyl cholines $(32.36\%)$, respertively. Those of viscera oil in T. pacificus mainly consist of triglyceride $(39.63\%)$, monogalactosyl diglycerides $(51.67\%)$ and phosphatidyl cholines $(31.98\%)$, respectively. The major fatty acids of the viscera oil of I. argentinus and T. pacificus were C16 : 0, $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$. In Illex argentinus, the fatty acids of NL mainly were $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$. PL were $C16\;:\;1\omega7,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$ and GL were $C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;22\;:\;6\omega3$. The major fatty acids of NL in T. pacificus were $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$, PL were $C16\;:\;1\omega7,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$, and GL were $C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.867-873
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• 1995

This study was done ot investigate the effect of chronic alcohol feeding and acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) treatment on hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity andmembrane lipid composition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 120~125g, were fed for 6 weeks on a liquid diet containing 35% of calories as ethanol. After 4 weeks of experiment diet feeding, 2-AAF(100mg/kg body weight) was injected twice a week intraperitoneally. Body weight and percent liver weight per body weight were significantly changed by ethanol feeding. Hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity significantly decreased by ethanol feedings but not by 2-AAF treatment. In comparison to control, the ATPase activity of ethanol-AAF group decreased 29.3%. Since phospholipid(PL) content of mitochondria has an interaction effect between ethanol and 2-AAF treatment, 2-AAF treatment significantly increased phospholipid content in only ethanol fed group. Total cholesterol(C) level of mitochondria significantly increased by ethanol feeding. Consequently C/PL ratio of ethanol group was significantly higher than that of control group. The analysis of mitochondrial PL composition showed that cardiolipin(CL) significantly increased by 2-AFF treatment in control group. Phosphatidyl choline(PC) significantly increased by ethanol feeding, whereas PC significanlty decreased and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) significantly increased by 2-AAF treatment. 2-AAF treatment also showed a significant increase in PE/PC ratio. Fatty acid patterns of mitochondria were also changed by either ethanol or 2-AAF although the severity of the changes was not great. These data suggest that the reduced mitochondrial ATPase activity in ethanol-AAF group may be a consequence of a changes in mitochondrial membrane lipid composition such as PE/PC ratio, C/PL ration and fatty acid patterns.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 1986

Changes in lipid components of Gae-bul, Urechis unicinctus, during hot-air drying ($40^{\circ}C$, 7 hrs) were studied. Raw sample contained 1.3% total lipid (TL) which consisted of 35.1% neutral lipid (NL), 18.0% glycolipid (GL) and 46.9% phospholipid (PL), and dried sample contained 5.3% TL which consisted of 51.8% NL, 20.5%GL and 27.7% PL. There were about 40% decrease in PL content and a slight increase in NL content during drying. The NL of raw sample mainly consists of triglyceride (TG, 39.8%), free sterol (FS, 39.6%), free fatty acid (FFA, 12.2%). and also identified diglyceride (DG), monoglyceride and esterified sterol and hydrocarbon in less quantify. The percent of TG and FS decreased, while that of FFA and DG increased during drying. And main components in the PL were phosphatidyl choline (PC,45.6%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE,34.8%), and followed by phosphatidyl serine (PS) and an unknown substance. In the components of PL, PE, PS and PC decreased slightly in order during drying. And major fatty acids of raw and dried samples were generally 16:0, 18: 1, 18:3, and 20:5. The content of the polyenoic acid such as 20:5 decreased. while the saturated acid increased slightly during drying.