• Language Facts and Perspectives
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• v.44
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• pp.99-124
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• 2018

This study is about the mismatch between the spoken and written language of Chinese language. In the past, many Chinese intellectuals insisted on abolishing Chinese characters, since they are too difficult for common people to learn, write and remember. However, Chinese characters are still kept as the only formal letter in China, and probably, Chinese characters will not be abolished in the future. On the other hand, problematic situations often happen, because Chinese characters are used to transcribe foreign sounds such as phonetic symbols, even though they are ideograms. The most important part of the characters as an ideogram is the meaning, but sometimes the meaning is ignored for the phonetic representation of foreign sounds. Chinese phonetic loans show this situation well. Therefore, this study discusses various types of Chinese phonetic loans, the problems of variations, and the solution to overcome the problems.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 2003

This paper examines transcription of sounds from a phonological perspective. It has found that most of transcriptions have been done on a segmental basis alone, without consideration of the whole phonological systems and levels, and without a full understanding of the nature of the linguistic and phonetic alphabets. In a word, sound transcriptions have not been done on the basis of the phonology of the language and the alphabet. This study shows a phonological model for transcribing foreign and native sounds, suggesting ways of improving some of the current transcription systems such as the Hangeul transcription of loan words and the romanization of Hangeul, as well as the phonetic transcription of English and other foreign languages.

• MALSORI
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• no.35_36
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• pp.25-36
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• 1998

The prosodic properties of Korean and English stress were examined with focus on syllable duration and pitch by loan words. 14 loan words were selected by the criteria of the numbers of syllables and stress positions. 3 Korean males using Seoul dialect and 3 American males using general American English served as subjects. Each tokens were uttered 3 times and second one was chosen to be analysed by CSL. We measured the duration and F0 of each syllable. In English, duration is the most salient acoustic correlates of stress, and pitch is the second. In Korean, by contrast, it seems that neither duration nor pitch is the acoustic features of stress, from our data

• 중국학논총
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• no.65
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• pp.1-21
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• 2020

一般認為, 形聲字是"在表意字上加聲符"而產生 ; 或者為了明確表示一個漢字的本義, 假借義或引申義, "在本字或假借字上加義符"而產生, 而且只產生一個形聲字。可是通過分析, 我們不難發現存在由一個本字或假借字產生兩個以上形聲字的情況, 比如 : 一, "II.在假借字上加義符的形聲字"中存在三種情況 : 1.為了明確單音節詞"辟"的三個假借義, 在假借字"辟"上各加義符"辶", "門", "亻", 產生"避", "闢", "僻"的情況 ; 2.在"科, 斗"前加義符"虫"而同時產生"蝌"和"蚪"來記錄"聯綿詞""蝌蚪"的情況 ; 3.在"末, 利"上加義符"艹"而同時產生"茉"和"莉"來記錄"音譯詞""茉莉"的情況。二, "III.在本字上加義符的形聲字"中也存在由"他"字產生"她", "牠", "祂" ; 以及由"四"字產生"泗"和"呬"等兩種情況。三, "VI.因一個漢字裡有一個本義和幾個假借義所產生的形聲字群"裡有為了保存"采"字的本義, 加義符"扌"產生"採"字的情況 ; 同時又存在為了明確"采"字的四個假借義, 在假借字"采"上各加義符"彡", "目", "艹", "土", 產生"彩", "睬", "菜", "埰"的情況。除此之外, 也有直接由"義符"加"聲符"產生的形聲字, 比如甲骨文 [止(義符)+土(聲符)]字。

• Journal of Sinology and China Studies
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• v.80
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• pp.117-150
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze the Beijing dialect from the perspective of the lexicon. It sought to determine the lexical differences between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. In the first part, it introduces the connection between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua and describes in details their individual developments in different historical stages. These imprints of the evolution of language in history have made distinctions between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. The second part of this paper analyzes the lexical features of the Beijing dialect based on four aspects: the characteristic of word-formation, variant pronunciations of mono-syllabic words, usage of Measure words, and loanword from the Mongolian and Manchu language. First, in the basic Chinese vocabulary, there are about 47.11% of words that are different between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. The differences between these words are mainly due to differences in partial morphemes, differences in the number of syllables, and the presence or absence of retroflex ending. Second, for the pronunciation of mono-syllabic words, the differences mainly occurs in tone sandhi, changes in finals or initials and dissimilation of the phoneme. Third, the characteristics of Measure words in the Beijing dialect use nouns indicating body parts. Fourth, most loanwords from the Mongolian or Manchu language are written in the way of phonetic loan characters. Some of the phonetic loan characters are associated with the meaning of the borrowing words, but some are not. The third part of this paper expounds on the direction of development of the Beijing dialect and Mandarin from the aspects of urban population structure; the people's attitudes toward language and the language environment in the Beijing dialect and Putonghua; and government policy intervention. In general, the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is gradually losing its characteristics and becoming more and more like Putonghua.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.261-280
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• 2009

This study focuses on providing the pedagogical implications of stress in English pronunciation teaching since stress is one the most important characteristic factors in English pronunciation (Bolinger, 1976; Brown, 1994; Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin, 1996; Kreidler, 1989). The author investigated stress production regarding in terms of duration, pitch, and intensity by a group of native speakers of English and a group of low-proficiency South Kyungsang Korean college students for their pre-test. For both of the pre- and post-test, the same stimuli, which consisted of a one-syllable word, two two-syllable words, three three-syllable words, and three four-syllable words, were used along with the various sentence positions: isolation, initial, medial, and final. Soft ware programs, ALVIN and Praat, were used to record and analyze the data. Since Celce-Murcia et al. (1996), Klatt (1975), and Ladefoged (2001) treat duration of the stressed syllable more significantly than other factors, pitch and intensity, with respect to the listener's point of view, the author developed a special method of teaching English stress using a traditional Korean drum to emphasize duration. In addition, the results from the native speakers' production showed that their main strategy to realize stress was through lengthening stressed syllables. After six weeks of stress instruction using the drum, the production of the native speakers and the SK Korean participants from the pre- and post-test were compared. The results from the post-test indicated that the participants showed great improvement not only in duration but also in pitch after the stress instruction. Pitch improvement was unexpected but well-explained by the statement that long vowels receive accent in loan word adaptation in North Kyungsang Korean. The results also showed that the Korean participants' pitch values became more even in their duration values for each syllable as the structure of the word or the sentence became more complex, due to their dependency upon their L1.