• Title/Summary/Keyword: phenotype change

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Enhanced macrophage uptake of radiolabeled liposome triggered by ginseng extracts

  • Lee, Woonghee;Rhee, Man Hee;Yoo, Jeongsoo
    • Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.113-119
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    • 2019
  • During tumor progression various immunosuppressive cells are recruited to a tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant in TME. Based on their function, macrophages are categorized into two phenotypes: tumoricidal M1 and tumor-supportive M2. Generally, TAMs closely resemble M2-macrophages and lead to tumor growth. However, their phenotype can be changed by immune activator from M2 to M1 and thus promote tumor immunotherapy. Ginseng extracts are well known for its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects from numerous reported studies. However, the mechanism of their effects is still not clear. Recently, some studies suggested that ginseng extracts induced immune activation as well as anti-tumor activities by a repolarization of activated macrophage from M2 phenotype to M1 phenotype. But, further verification about the mechanism as to how ginseng extracts can stimulate the immune response is still needed. In this study, we investigated whether ginseng extracts can alter the phenotype from M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages in mice by using a radiolabeled liposome. And we also evaluated the potential of radiolabeled liposome as a nuclear imaging agent to monitor the transition of phenotype of TAMs. In conclusion, the ginseng extracts seem to change the phenotype of macrophages from M2 to M1 like as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.

WTO, an ontology for wheat traits and phenotypes in scientific publications

  • Nedellec, Claire;Ibanescu, Liliana;Bossy, Robert;Sourdille, Pierre
    • Genomics & Informatics
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.14.1-14.11
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    • 2020
  • Phenotyping is a major issue for wheat agriculture to meet the challenges of adaptation of wheat varieties to climate change and chemical input reduction in crop. The need to improve the reuse of observations and experimental data has led to the creation of reference ontologies to standardize descriptions of phenotypes and to facilitate their comparison. The scientific literature is largely under-exploited, although extremely rich in phenotype descriptions associated with cultivars and genetic information. In this paper we propose the Wheat Trait Ontology (WTO) that is suitable for the extraction and management of scientific information from scientific papers, and its combination with data from genomic and experimental databases. We describe the principles of WTO construction and show examples of WTO use for the extraction and management of phenotype descriptions obtained from scientific documents.

Multiple Signaling Pathways Contribute to the Thrombin-induced Secretory Phenotype in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

  • Jeong, Ji Young;Son, Younghae;Kim, Bo-Young;Eo, Seong-Kug;Rhim, Byung-Yong;Kim, Koanhoi
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.549-555
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    • 2015
  • We attempted to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by determining signaling molecules involved in chemokine production. Treatment of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) with thrombin resulted not only in elevated transcription of the (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) gene but also in enhanced secretion of CCL11 protein. Co-treatment of HAoSMCs with GF109230X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, or GW5074, an inhibitor of Raf-1 kinase, caused inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and significantly attenuated expression of CCL11 at transcriptional and protein levels induced by thrombin. Both Akt phosphorylation and CCL11 expression induced by thrombin were attenuated in the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX), an inhibitor of Gi protein-coupled receptor, or LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. In addition, thrombin-induced production of CCL11 was significantly attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of Akt or MEK which phosphorylates ERK1/2. These results indicate that thrombin is likely to promote expression of CCL11 via PKC/Raf-1/ERK1/2 and PTX-sensitive protease-activated receptors /PI3K/Akt pathways in HAoSMCs. We propose that multiple signaling pathways are involved in change of VSMCs to a secretory phenotype.

The Change of Blood Properties of HK Phenotype Jindo dogs Administrated with Excessive Amount of Water Celery Extracts (과량의 미나리 생즙 투여가 HK phenotype 진도견의 혈액상의 미치는 영향)

  • ;;;;;;;;Osamu Yamato
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.334-340
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to investigate changes in blood properties of high potassium (HK) phenotype Jindo dogs (15kg$\pm$2kg) after daily oral administration with water celery extracts (10 ml/kg) for 7 days. Blood samples were collected for three days in a row before administration of water celery extracts. After water celery extracts administration, blood samples were collected at 3h, 6h, 9h and then on daily basis until day 10 post administration (PA). At day 15, final sample was collected. Blood samples were analyzed on the basis of red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), gluthathione concentration(GSH) and met-hemoglobin(Met-Hb) concentration. The significant changes (p<0.01, p<0.05) of RBCs were shown at 3 h to day 5, and days 7 and 9 after administration. PCV values were decreased form 3 h to day 10 after administration. Mean Hb concentration showed significant increase as 3 h to day 3, and day 6 to day 9 after administration. The significant changes (p<0.05) of WBCs were shown at 9 h and day 1 after administration. The increased numbers of MCV were detected at days 6 to 9 after administration (p<0.05, p<0.01). The significant changes of MCHC were shown at 9h and day 1 after administration. The significant increases (p<0.01, p<0.05) of GSH concentration were detected at days 1, 6 and 7 after administration. In Met-Hb concentration, the significant increases (p<0.05) occurred at only 9h and day 7 after administration, The significant increases (p<0.01, p<0.05) of reticulocyte were detected at days 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Data from blood samples collected at day 15 after administration showed that all of blood analysis results returned to normal level, compared to controls.

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A Number of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells but Neither Phenotype Nor Differentiation Capacities Changes with Age of Rats

  • Tokalov, Sergey V.;Gruner, Susanne;Schindler, Sebastian;Iagunov, Alexey S.;Baumann, Michael;Abolmaali, Nasreddin D.
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.255-260
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    • 2007
  • Bone marrow (BM) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pluripotent cells which can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic and other lineages. In spite of the broad interest, the information about the changes in BM cell composition, in particularly about the variation of MSC number and their properties in relation to the age of the donor is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the age associated changes in variations of BM cell composition, phenotype and differentiation capacities of MSC using a rat model. Cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry using light scattering parameters, DNA content and a set of monoclonal antibodies. Single cell analysis was performed by conventional fluorescent microscopy. In vitro culture of MSC was established and their phenotype and capability for in vitro differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic cells was shown. Age related changes in tibiae and femurs, amount of BM tissue, BM cell composition, proportions of separated MSC and yield of MSC in 2 weeks of in vitro culture were found. At the same time, neither change in phenotype no in differentiation capacities of MSC was registered. Age-related changes of the number of MSC should be taken into account whenever MSC are intended to be used for investigations.

Inhibition of mitochondrial activity induces muscle fiber type change from slow to fast in C2C12 myotubes

  • Park, Su Hyun;Kim, Young Hwa;Lee, Hyun Jeong;Baek, Youl Chang;Kim, Min Seok;Jeong, Jin Young;Oh, Young Kyun;Park, Sung Kwon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.586-594
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    • 2017
  • Mitochondrial activity affects skeletal muscle energy metabolism and phenotype. To address whether mitochondrial activity can modulate muscle phenotype in vitro, protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in C2C12 muscle cell lines was investigated after treated with antimycin A, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Fully differentiated C2C12 myotubes were administrated with different concentration of antimycin A including 0, 100, 200, 500, 700, and 1000 ng/mL. After 72 h treatment, myosin heavy chain isoform expression and related enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase; LDH and creatine kinase) were analyzed. Administration of antimycin A changed expression of MyHC in C2C12 myotubes showing a shift from slow to fast twitching muscle type. Protein expression of MyHC type 2b (fast twitching muscle type) was decreased (P < 0.05) by antimycin A treatment (500, 700, and 1000 ng/mL) when compared with control group. Administration of antimycin A (1000 ng/mL), however, decreased (P < 0.05) MyHC type I (slow twitching muscle type). Interestingly, LDH activity was increased (P < 0.05) by antimycin A treatment. Results from our current study proposed a possibility that skeletal muscle phenotype, including MyHC and LDH activity, can be shifted from slow to fast twitching type by inhibiting the mitochondrial activity in C2C12 myotubes.

Tissue-dependent variation of protease expression phenotype in mouse peritoneal mast cells (마우스복강비만세포에서 프로테아제 발현 표현형의 조직 의존적 변화)

  • Lee, Young-Mi
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.543-548
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    • 2001
  • To examine the fate of the injected peritoneal mast cells (PMCs), we injected PMCs (500 or $10^5$) derived from WBB6F1-green fluorescent protein(GFP) mice into stomach wall of $WBB6F1-W/W^v$ mice. When 500 PMCs were injected, the proportion of alcian blue $(AB)^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the muscle was 25.0% on day 1, but decreased to 0.9% on day 7. Then, it increased to 98.2% on day 35. In contrast,$GFP^+$ mast cells in the mucosa were not detectable on day 1, 3, and 7 after injection. On day 35, the proportion of $AB^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the mucosa was 97.0%. When $10^5$ PMCs were injected, the proportion of $AB^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the muscle was more than 88.2%, and that in the mucosa was more than 86.3% from day 1 through 35 after injection. These results indicated that percentage of degranulation on day 1, 3, 7, 14 after injection of 500 PMCs was significantly higher than that after injection of $10^5$ PMCs. Futhermore, when 500 PMCs were injected, protease expression phenotypes of PMCs changed from day 14 after injection. When $10^5$ PMCs were injected, protease expression phenotype of PMCs did not change after injection. Such degranulated PMCs may acquire the new phenotype and adapt the new tissue.

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The Effect of Placenta Extract on Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Chondrocytes (태반추출물이 인간 연골세포의 증식과 분화에 미치는 영향)

  • Huh, Jun;Suh, Man Soo;Park, Sae Jung;Lim, Yeung Kook;Shin, Jun Ho;Chung, Ho Yun;Cho, Byung Chae;Park, Jae Woo
    • Archives of Plastic Surgery
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.616-620
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: The isolated human chondrocytes for cartilage reconstruction and transplantation presents a major problem as these cells would change biologically in vitro. For more effective applications of these cells in the clinical field, it is necessary to get a large amount of cells in a short period without affecting their function and phenotype. Methods: This study reports the effects of placenta extract on chondrocytes in vitro. We initiated this study on the basis of the hypothesis that placenta extract can influence both the proliferation of chondrocytes and their biologic functions(for example, to express cell specific gene or to produce their own extracellular matrix). Chondrocytes in monolayer culture with or without placenta extract were collected and analyzed by MTT assay, ECM assay, and RT-PCR. Results: Placenta extract stimulated the proliferation of chondrocytes in monolayer culture. The phenotype of chondrocytes was well maintained during the expansion in monolayers. Chondrocytes expanded in the presence of placenta extract produced ECM, glycosaminoglycan, abundantly. Compared to chondrocyte expanded in culture medium only, chondrocytes expanded with placenta extract demonstrated higher COL2A1 expression that was biochemically comparable to primary chondrocytes. This study provides an evidence that placenta extract is helpful to expand chondrocytes during tissue cultivation, to maintain their differentiated phenotype and to promote their function. Conclusion: These results suggest that placenta extract during cultivation play an important role in controlling cell behaviors. Furthermore, these results provide a biologic basis for cartilage tissue engineering.

Improvement of Abiotic Stress Resilience for Stable Rice Production

  • Dongjin Shin;Hyunggon Mang;Jiyun Lee
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2022.10a
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    • pp.13-13
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    • 2022
  • Recently, stable crop production is threatened by the effects of climate change. In particular, it is difficult to consistently maintain agricultural policies due to large price fluctuations depending on the difference in total domestic rice production from year to year. For stable rice production amid changes in the crop growing environment, development of varieties with improved disease resistance and abiotic stress stability is becoming more important. In here, drought and cold tolerant trait have been studied. First, for the development of drought tolerant varieties, we analyzed which agricultural traits are mainly affected by domestic drought conditions. As a result, it was observed that drought caused by the lack of water during transplanting season inhibits the development of the number of tiller and reduces the yield. 'Samgang' was selected as a useful genetic resource with strong drought tolerant and stable tiller number development even under drought conditions by phenotype screening. Three of drought tolerant QTLs were identified using doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between Nacdong and Samgang, a drought sensitive and a tolerant, respectively. Among these QTLs, when qVDT2 and qVDTl1 were integrated, it was investigated that the tiller number development was relatively stable in the rainfed paddy field conditions. It is known that the high-yielding Tongil-type cultivars are severely affected by cold stress throughout the entire growth stage. In this study, we established conditions that can test the cold tolerance phenotype with alternate temperature to treat low temperatures in indoor growth conditions similar to those in field conditions at seedling stage. Three cold tolerant QTLs were explored using population derived from a cross between Hanareum2 (cold sensitive variety, Tongil-type) and Unkwang (cold tolerant variety, Japonica). Among these QTLs, qSCT12 showed strong cold tolerant phenotype, and when all of three QTLs were integrated, it was investigated that cold tolerant score was relatively similar to its donor parent, Unkwang, in our experimental conditions. We are performing that development of new variety with improved cold tolerant through the introduction of these QTLs.

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Impact of Lactic Acid and Hydrogen Ion on the Simultaneous Fermentation of Glucose and Xylose by the Carbon Catabolite Derepressed Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869

  • Jeong, Kyung Hun;Israr, Beenish;Shoemaker, Sharon P.;Mills, David A.;Kim, Jaehan
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.26 no.7
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    • pp.1182-1189
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    • 2016
  • Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 exhibited a carbon catabolite derepressed phenotype that has ability to consume fermentable sugars simultaneously with glucose. To evaluate this unusual phenotype under harsh conditions during fermentation, the effects of lactic acid and hydrogen ion concentrations on L. brevis ATCC 14869 were examined. Kinetic equations describing the relationship between specific cell growth rate and lactic acid or hydrogen ion concentration were deduced empirically. The change of substrate utilization and product formation according to lactic acid and hydrogen ion concentration in the media were quantitatively described. Although the simultaneous utilization has been observed regardless of hydrogen ion or lactic acid concentration, the preference of substrates and the formation of two-carbon products were changed significantly. In particular, acetic acid present in the medium as sodium acetate was consumed by L. brevis ATCC 14869 under extreme pH of both acid and alkaline conditions.