• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.1124-1129
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• 2008

코크스폐수는 페놀, 암모니아, 황화시안, 시안화합물과 같은 오염물질들을 고농도로 함유하고 있는 유독성 산업폐수이다. 국내에서는 이 폐수를 처리하기 위해 생물학적 전탈질공정(biological pre-denitrification process)을 주로 사용하고 있다. 그러나 원인을 알 수 없는 이유로 질소제거효율이 급격히 떨어지는 문제가 발생하고 있으며, 여름철에 더 실공정이 불안정해진다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 코크스폐수가 가장 먼저 유입되는 탈질조를 대상으로 폐수에 함유된 페놀, 암모니아, 황화시안, 철-시안, 프리시안이 온도변화에($20{\sim}38^{\circ}C$)에 따라 탈질조 슬러지에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 회분식 탈질실험을 통해 살펴 보았다. 그 결과 탈질반응은 여름철 실 공정의 운전온도($38^{\circ}C$)에서 최적을 보였으며, 오염물질들의 분해속도도 온도가 증가할수록 빨라졌다. 페놀, 암모니아, 황화시안, 철-시안은 200 mg/L 이하의 농도에서는 탈질반응에 거의 영향을 주지 않았으나, 프리시안은 0.5 mg/L의 저농도에서도 탈질반응에 심각한 저해를 주었다. 한편, 오염물질의 독성효과는 온도가 증가할수록 감소하는 현상을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.755-758
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• 2005

식품 산업에서 발생되는 부산물의 가치를 재고하는데 있어서 머루 종자 에탄올 추출물을 대상으로 free radical 소거 능을 탐색하여 머루종자의 기능성을 찾고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 추출수율은 에탄을 농도, 추출온도 및 시간에 따라 전반적으로 $4\~12\%$를 나타내었으며 $90\%$ 에탄올로 $70^{\circ}$C에서 12시간 추출한 추출물의 수율은 $11.9\%$로 가장 높았지만 free radical 소거능(RC$_{50}$)은 40.42 $\mu$g/mL로 나타났다. 그러나 70$\%$ 에탄올로 $70^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 추출을 하였을 때 추출수율은 $6.9\%$를 나타냈지 만 $RC_{50}$은 $20.93\mu g/mL$로 가장 높았고 총 페놀 함량도 330.71 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과, free radical 소거능이 높을수록 총 페놀 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며 머루종자 에탄을 추출물의 free radical 소거능이 총 페놀 함량과 밀접하게 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, $70\%$ 에탄올을 $70^{\circ}C$, 6시간 추출물로부터 유기 용매별로 순차적으로 분획한 결과,추출수율은 폴리 페놀 화합물들을 많이 함유하고 있는 ethyl acetate 분획층에서 약 $8\%$로 높았으며, $RC_{50}$도 ethyl acetate 분획층에서 $8.65\mu g/rnL$로 가장 높았고 총 페놀 함량도 ethyl acetate 분획층에서 636.77 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.283-290
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• 1988

개비름, 쇠별꽃, 쇠무릎, 며느리배꼽, Galinsoga ciliata 등(等)으로부터 추출용매(抽出溶媒)에 따른 상치 발아억제현상(發芽抑制現像)과 penol, 지방산(脂肪酸) 및 유기산(有機酸) 등(等)을 분리(分離) 동정(同定)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 추출용매제(抽出溶媒劑)로는 ethanol과 ether 추출액(抽出液)에서 상치의 발아억제(發芽抑制)가 가장 강(强)하게 나타났다. 총(總) phenol 함량(含量)은 Galinsoga ciliata에서 27.5 mg/10 g으로 가장 많았고, 며느리배꼽이 18.1 mg, 쇠별꽃 17.0 mg, 개비름 12.9 mg, 쇠무릎 12.8mg 순(順)이였다. Diphenol함량(含量)은 free fraction에서 Galinsoga ciliata가 9.4 mg/10g, 며느리배꼽 5.1 mg, 쇠별꽃 4.8 mg, 개비름 2.2 mg 및 쇠무릎 1.8 mg 순(順)이었으며 대체로 수용(水溶) 및 alcohol 추출(抽出)에서 강(彈)하게 억제현상(抑制現像)을 보인 종(種)들이 많은 phenol 함량(含量)을 함유(含有)하고 있었다. Phenol 물질(物質)로는 개비름에는 p-cresol, hydroquinone, ferulic, caffeic, p-cl-benzoic, p-coumaric, catechol 산(酸) 등(等)이 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었고, 쇠별꽃, 쇠무릎, 며느리배꼽 및 Galinsoga ciliata 등(等)에는 ferulic, caffeic, 7-OH-cumarin, protocatechuic 산(酸) 등(等)이 공통(共通)으로 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었다. 지방산(脂肪酸)으로는 개비름에 포화지방산(飽和脂肪酸)인 palmitic산(酸)이, 쇠별꽃, 쇠무릎, 며느리배꼽 및 갈린소가 등(等)에는 불포화지방산(不飽和脂肪酸) oleic산(酸)이 다량함유(多量含有) 되어 있었다. 유기산(有機酸)은 Galinsoga ciliata를 제외(除外)한 모든 식물종(植物種)에서 oxalic산(酸)을 많이 함유(含有)하고 있었으며, 대체로 14~22 mg/g 정도이었다.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the anti oxidative activities of Petasites japonicus against oxidative stress in bovine brain tissue. Petasites japonicus is found with a relatively widespread distribution, and is cultivated as a culinary vegetable in Korea. Petasites japonicus samples were dried either by freeze-drying or by hot air-convection drying ($80^{\circ}C$), then evaluated for their anti oxidative activity by measuring 1-dipheny-1,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in brain homogenates subjected to $Fe^{2+}$-mediated lipids with or without the addition of botanical extract. Hot air convection-drying resulted in a slight increase in the extraction yield as compared with freeze-drying. However, total phenol and flavonoid contents in freeze-dried Petasites japonicas were significantly higher than those of hot air convection-drying. Freeze-drying increased the free radical scavenging activity of Petasites japonicas, leaves, and stems by 52.6, 28.6, and 248.0%, as compared with hot air convection-drying. Additionally, the $IC_{50}$ values measured by TBARS in hot air convection-dried Petasites japonicas, leaves, and stems were increased by 36.0, 31.6, and 15.9%, as compared to those of freeze-drying. Although anti oxidative activity was reduced slightly by heat processing in Petasites japonicas, freeze-drying for each portion of Petasites japonicus was the most appropriate for use as a functional food and pharmaceutical material.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Spiraea fritschiana Schneid extract (SFSE). Methods and Results : The SFSE was prepared using methanol and was evaluated for its total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell viability by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The total phenol content was $212.78{\mu}g{\cdot}galli$c acid equivalent (GAE)/mg and the total flavonoid content was $66.84{\mu}g{\cdot}quercetin$ equivalent (QE)/mg. The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with $RC_{50}$ value of $76.61{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.58 at $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Cell viability was determined using the MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 90% at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ SFSE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. Conclusions : Our results suggest that SFSE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1343-1351
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• 2008

The activated sludge obtained from wastewater coke oven plant was immobilized by entrapment with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effects of several factors on the biodegradation of $CN^-$ from. synthetic wastewater were investigated using batch and continuous reactors. The degradation rate of $CN^-$ increased with increasing of the immobilized bead volume in the reactor. Approximately 7.65mg/L of $NH_4-N$ was produced upon the degradation of 35mg/L of $CN^-$. When high concentrations of the toxic cyanide complex were used in the testing of cyanide degradation, the free activated sludge could be inhibited more than that of the immobilized activated sludge. When the phenol concentration was higher than 400mg/L in the synthetic wastewater, approximately 98.4% of $CN^-$ was removed within 42 hours by the immobilized activated sludge. However, the cyanide was not completely degraded by the tree activated sludge. This indicates that high phenol concentrations can act as a toxic factor for the free activated sludge. A $CN^-$ concentration of less than 1mg/L was achieved by the immobilized sludge at the loading rate of 0.025kg $CN^-/m^3-d$. Moreover, it was found that the HRT should be kept for 48 hours in order to obtain stable treatment conditions.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.344-362
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• 2022

Objective: In this study, the antioxidant activity of Ojayeonjong-hwan extracts was compared, and the following results were obtained. Methods: For hydrothermal and ethanol extracts, DPPH free radical and ABTS cationic radical erasing activity and reducing power using the FRAP method were compared, and the association between the antioxidant power of each extract and total phenol content was investigated. Significant results were obtained through in vitro apoptosis analysis through FFITC staining, mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, and ROS level measurement using C2C12 myoblastoma. Results: 1. In a comparison of DPPH free radical and ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity, water, and 70% ethanol extracts of Ojayeonjong-hwan (WEO and EEO) showed superior radical scavenging ability. 2. In the results of reducing power using the FRAP method, WEO and EEO showed antioxidant activity, which was shown to be dependent on the total phenol content contained in the extracts. 3. In comparison to the protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts, water extracts had no significant effect, but 70% ethanol extracts inhibited H₂O₂-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. 4. The cytotoxic protective effect of EEO against oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts was correlated with its inhibitory effects on H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. 5. In H₂O₂-treated C2C12 myoblasts, the apoptosis inhibitory effects of EEO were associated with the suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. 6. The protective effects of EEO against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts were directly related to the inhibition of ROS generation. Conclusions: Ojayeonjong-hwan extracts all have protective potential against oxidative stress.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2014

Objectives : In this study, the antioxidant activities of the 80% ethanol and hot water extracts of Euphorbia supina Rafinesque were investigated. Methods : We measured total phenol contents, flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The production of reactive oxygen species was measured in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells using flow cytometry system. Results : The content of phenol in the hot water extract was $65.529{\pm}0.462mg/g$ and $126.932{\pm}1.894mg/g$ in the 80% ethanol extract, and that of flavonoid in the hot water extract was $16.063{\pm}0.471mg/g$ and $29.159{\pm}1.963mg/g$ in the ethanol extract. The 80% ethanol extract also showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities ($90.8{\pm}1.0%$ and $92.5{\pm}0.7%$) than the hot water extract ($81.5{\pm}0.5%$ and $91.5{\pm}0.2%$). The production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) was reduced dose-dependently by 80% ethanol and hot water extract at concentration of 1, 10 and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : According to these results, the 80% ethanol extract of Euphorbia supina Rafinesque has a good anti-oxidative effects than the hot water extract. Thus, the 80% ethanol extract of Euphorbia supina Rafinesque may serve as useful natural antioxidants.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2008

The propose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol extracts and various solvent fractions of dandelion (Taraxacmn officinale) leaves and roots, Total phenolics and phenolic acid contents were also examined. The total phenol content of leaves and roots were $7.9{\pm}0.4%$ and $9.4{\pm}0.3%$ respectively. Eight phenolic acids were separated by GC, among which caffeic acid (113.7 mg%)and m-coumaric acid (152.6 mg) were the dominant phenolic acids in leaves and roots, respectively. Amongst solvent functions of leaves and roots, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest radical scavenging activity. A strong correlation was found between total phenol content and electron-donating ability, and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a similar trend as electron-donating ability. Hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than other factions. In particular, the SOD-like activity was highest (43.6%) in the ethyl acetate fraction of dandelion leaves, and was higher than that of trolox. Thus, the ethyl acetate fraction of dandelion leaves exhibited significant phenol content, antioxidant activity, and free-radical-scavenging effects.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2006

The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates many of the biological and toxicological effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and related chemicals. The application of recombinant reporter plasmid such as the firefly luciferase gene has proven to be a very effective method to detect these chemicals. The bioassay system, CALUX, is sensitive in directly detecting AhR-agonists from a variety of environmental and biologic materials. However, responses of the AhR-dependent bioassays are dependent on the cell types used. Thus, we developed a sensitive bioassay using the recombinant mouse hepatoma cell (Hepa1c1c7) for the determination of dioxins. The recombinant cell line was stably transfected with firefly luciferase reporter gene (pGudLuc1.1). The transfected cells showed the highest induction of luciferase activity at 4.5 hr and a decrease beyond this time point. The system showed the highest sensitivity of detection ever reported. Upon TCDD exposure cells showed 2 fold increase at 10 pM and 7 fold increase at 100 pM, respectively. The passage number after the transfection played an important role in the sensitivity. The increase of passage number tended to increase the sensitivity of the cells up to 15. The media without phenol red showed a higher induction rate than with phenol red, suggesting the preferable use of phenol red-free media for the bioassay. Since each of the assays has unique characteristics that make them suitable for some screening applications and not others, development of sensitive bioanalytical methods based on a variety of cellular systems in a key to the successful determination of dioxins. The bioassay system developed in this study will contribute to further development of successful screening the AhR agonists among the environmental mixture. In addition, the rapid and sensitive nature of this cellular system can be applied as a valuable tool to screen the dioxin-like moieties among the prodrugs at the initial stage, thereby expediting the new drug discovery.