• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.193-203
• /
• 2014

Natural Monument is a designated cultural property as part of the country. According to Article 2 of the Cultural Properties Protection Act, a national, ethnic and global heritage artificially or naturally formed, with a great historical, artistic, scientific and landscape significance is defined as a cultural heritage. Animals, plants, topography, geology, minerals, caves, biological products and special natural phenomena, having a great of historic, scenic and scientific value, are defined as the monument. According to Article 3 of Cultural Properties Protection Act, the conservation, management and utilization of National Heritage should be kept intact in its original form. So, Natural monuments are managing as retained its original form under the Basic Principles of current law. The highest population of coniferous tree in natural monument plant is ginkgo tree including 22 objects, followed by pines, junipers that order. And in case of broadleaf tree, there are zelkova trees, retusa fringe trees, pagoda trees, cork oaks, silver magnolias and etc. There are many of reported efficacy in available natural monument plants. The efficacy of plant species on pharmaceutical like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective, improves cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, liver protection and anti-bacterial efficacy, on cosmetics and beauty like the inhibiting formation of skin wrinkles, whitening effect, variety of materials and the efficacy of the proposed utilization of its various papers and etc have been widely reported. Before the Nagoya Protocol enters into force, the future role of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Administration of Cultural Heritage should be obtain a legal right to manage the social, cultural and national natural monument with emotional value to the plant genetic resource as a natural monument efficient ways to study and preserve traditional knowledge biological resources by securing a claim to the sovereignty of the material will be ready.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1988

조사포닌을 복강내 투여하면 1) 핵내의 RNA polymerase의 활성도, 2) 핵내의 RNA합성, 3) 세포질의 RNA합성,4) 세포질내의 폴리리보좀 함량, 5) in vitro 상태에서의 쥐간의 polysome과 micro-some으로의 아미노산 유입율, 6) 방사능 표지된 아미노산의 혈청 단백질로의 유입율이 증가하였음을 과거에 보고 한 바 있으며 또한 4주간 조사포닌을 투여한 쥐에서 적출한 간세포를 전자 현미경으로 조사한 결과, 조면 소포체가 상당히 증가하였으며 초원심분리기로서 막에 결합한 ribosome에서의 polysome함량의 증가를 확인하였다. 최근 streptozotocin으로 유도한 단백질 결핍성 당뇨병 쥐에 $Rb_2$를 계속적으로 주사한 결과 blood urea nitrogen과 간내의 urea 농도가 현저히 감소하였으며 혈청내의 총단백질과 알부민의 농도가 대조군의 수치에 비하여 증가한 반면 간내의 RNA와 총 ribosome, 막에 결합된 ribosome의 함량이 증가하였다. 또한 $Rb_2$투여로 혈청내의 총단백질로의 방사능 표지 전구물질의 유입량이 증가하였으며 당뇨쥐에서의 질소균형을 개선시켰다. 이러한 실험적 결과에 근거하여 인삼 사포닌은 대사를 촉진시키고 RNA, 단백질 합성 등을 촉진하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.386-391
• /
• 2017

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an ethnopharmacological plant that is traditionally used to improve the body's immune functions and ameliorate the symptoms of various diseases. However, the antitumorigenic effects of KRG and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood in terms of its individual components. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antitumorigenic activities of KRG were explored in water extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF), and nonsaponin fraction (NSF). Methods: In vitro antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF of KRG were investigated in the C6 glioma cell line using cytotoxicity, migration, and proliferation assays. The underlying molecular mechanisms of KRG fractions were determined by examining the signaling cascades of apoptotic cell death by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The in vivo antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF were investigated in a xenograft mouse model. Results: SF induced apoptotic death of C6 glioma cells and suppressed migration and proliferation of C6 glioma cells, whereas WE and NSF neither induced apoptosis nor suppressed migration of C6 glioma cells. SF downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) in C6 glioma cells but had no effect on the expression of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Moreover, SF treatment resulted in activation of caspase-3 as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3. Finally, WE, SF, and NSF exhibited in vivo antitumorigenic activities in the xenograft mouse model by suppressing the growth of grafted CT-26 carcinoma cells without decreasing the animal body weight. Conclusion: These results suggest that WE, SF, and NSF of KRG are able to suppress tumor growth via different molecular and cellular mechanisms, including induction of apoptosis and activation of immune cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.168-177
• /
• 2020

Background: Ginseng has been widely used as a health-promoting tonic. Gintonin present in ginseng acts as a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand that activates six LPA receptor subtypes. The LPA6 subtype plays a key role in normal hair growth, and mutations in the LPA6 receptor impair normal human hair growth. Currently, human hair loss and alopecia are concerning issues that affect peoples' social and day-to-day lives. Objective: We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on mouse hair growth. Methods: Human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used. The mice were divided into the four groups: control, 1% minoxidil, 0.75% GEF, and 1.5% GEF. The dorsal hair was removed to synchronize the telogen phase. Each group was treated topically, once a day, for 15 days. We analyzed hair growth activity and histological changes. Results: GEF induced transient [Ca²⁺]_i, which stimulated HFDPC proliferation and caused 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. GEF-mediated HFDPC proliferation was blocked by the LPA receptor antagonist and Ca²⁺ chelator. HFDPC treatment with GEF stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor release. Topical application of GEF and minoxidil promoted hair growth in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis showed that GEF and minoxidil increased the number of hair follicles and hair weight. Conclusion: Topical application of GEF promotes mouse hair growth through HFDPC proliferation. GEF could be one of the main components of ginseng that promote hair growth and could be used to treat human alopecia.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.421-432
• /
• 2005

In order to understand the renal reabsorption mechanism of neutral amino acids via amino acid transporters, we have isolated human L-type amino acid transporter 2 (hLAT2) and human T-type amino acid transporter 1 (hTAT1) in human, then, we have examined and compared the gene structures, the functional characterizations and the localization in human kidney. Northern blot analysis showed that hLAT2 mRNA was expressed at high levels in the heart, brain, placenta, kidney, spleen, prostate, testis, ovary, lymph node and the fetal liver. The hTAT1 mRNA was detected at high levels in the heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus and prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis on the human kidney revealed that the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins coexist in the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubules. The hLAT2 transports all neutral amino acids and hTAT1 transports aromatic amino acids. The basolateral location of the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins in the renal proximal tubule as well as the amino acid transport activity of hLAT2 and hTAT1 suggests that these transporters contribute to the renal reabsorption of neutral and aromatic amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells, respectively. Therefore, LAT2 and TAT1 play essential roles in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the blood stream in the kidney. Because LAT2 and TAT1 are essential to the efficient absorption of neutral amino acids from the kidney, their defects might be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by a disruption in amino acid absorption such as blue diaper syndrome.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제29권11호
• /
• pp.1024-1031
• /
• 2006

The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the decreased contractile response to phorbol ester in aortic smooth muscle strips from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats was examined. Norepinephrine (NE) evoked greater contractility in aortic strips from DOCA rats than in those of sham-operated rats. 12-Deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB) induced contraction in $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, which was diminished in strips from DOCA rats compared to sham-operated rats. Vasoconstrictions induced by these stimulants were inhibited by SB203580 and PD098059, inhibitors of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, respectively, in both strips. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 induced by NE was greater in strips from DOCA rats compared to those from sham-operated rats, and this phosphorylation was inhibited by the kinase inhibitors. DPB increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 in strips from both animals, and the increment of p38 MAPK phosphorylation by the stimulant was diminished in strips from DOCA rats compared to sham-operated rats. These findings suggest that the $Ca^{2+}-independent$ contraction evoked by DPB results from the activation of MAPKs in rat aortic smooth muscle and that the attenuated contractility by DPB in DOCA rat appears to be associated with diminished p38 MAPK activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.465-469
• /
• 1998

The search for platinum (II)-based compounds with improved therapeutic properties was prompted to design and synthesize a new family of water-soluble, third generation cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) complexes linked to uracil and uridine. Six heretofore unreported uracil and uridine-platinum (II) complexes are; [N-(uracil-5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-di-amine]dichloroplatinum (II) (3a), [N-(uracil-6-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diaminel dichloroplatinum (II) (3b), t[N-($2^1$, $3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyl)uridine-5-yl-methyl] ethane-1,2-diamineldichloroplatinum (II) (6a), {[N-($2^1$,$3^1$, $5^1$-tri-O-acetyl) uridine-6-yl-methyl]ethane-1,2-diamine)dichloroplatinum (II) (6b),[N-(uridine- 5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7a), [N-(uridine-6-yl- methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7b). These analogues were prepared from the key starting materials, 5-chloromethyluracil (1a) and 6-chloromethyluracil (1b) which were reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the respective 5-[(2-aminoethyl)aminol methyluracil (2a) and 6-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]methyluracil (2b). The cis-platin complexes 3a and 3b were obtained through the reaction of the respective 2a and 2b with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II). The heterocyclic nucleic acid bases 1a and 1b were efficiently introduced on the .betha.-D-ribose ring via a Vorbruggen-type nucleoside coupling procedure with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and stannic chloride under anhydrous acetonitrile to yield the stereospecific .betha.-anomeric 5-chloromethyl- $2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4a) and 6-chloromethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4b), respectively. The nucleosides 4a and 4b were coupled with ethylenediamine to provide the respective 5-[(amino-ethyl)aminolmethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5a) and 6-[(aminoethyl)amino] methyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5b). The diamino-uridines 5a and 5b were reacted with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) to give the novel nucleoside complexes, 6a and 6b, respectively which were deacetylated into the free nucleosides, 7a and 7b by the treatment with CH$_{3}$ONa. The cytotoxic activities were evaluated against three cell lines (FM-3A, P-388 and J-82) and none of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.224-228
• /
• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.170-177
• /
• 2002

The herb, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var, latilobum commonly known as Gu-Jul-Cho in Korea, used in traditional medicine to treat pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, common cold, pharyngitis, bladder-related disorders, gastroenteric disorders, and hypertension. Linarin is the main active compound and the biological mechanisms of its activity are unclear. It is believed that effects of this herb may be exerted through the pluripotent effectors of linarin due to its ability to treat a variety of afflictions. In this study, the effects of linarin on the mouse macrophages cell line, RAW 264.7, were investigated. It was found that linarin could activate macrophages by producing cytokines. Monocytes and tissue macrophages produce at least two groups of protein mediators of inflammation, interleukin 1 (IL-1 ) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent studies have shown that TNF and IL-1 modulate the inflammatory function of endothelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. $TNF-{\alpha}$ production by macrophages treated with linarin occured in a dose dependent manner However, IL-1 production was largely unaffected by this natural product. This study demonstrated the ability of linarin to activate macrophages both directly and indirectly. Linarin also affect both cytosine production and nitric oxide inhibition, in addition to the expression of some surface molecules. Nitric oxide (NO), derived from L-argin-ine, is produced by two forms(constitutive and inducible) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The NO produced in large amounts by inducible NOS is known to be responsible for the vasodilation and hypotension observed in septic shock. Linarin was found to inhibit NO production in the LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Linarin may be a useful candidate as a new drug for treating endotoxemia and the inflammation accompanied by NO overproduction. The linarin-treated total Iymphocytes exhibited cytotoxicity in a dose dependent manner between $20{\;}{\mu}g/ml{\;}and{\;}40{\;}{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggest that linarin may function through macrophage activation.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제20권7호
• /
• pp.1034-1040
• /
• 2010

천연의 식물과 추출물은 비용의 효율성과 풍부한 자원을 이점으로 식품, 약, 의약 분야와 마찬가지로 화장품 분야에서도 이용될 수 있다. 현재까지 섬쑥부쟁이는 항산화 활성을 제외하고는 그 효능에 대해 알려진 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 울릉도의 대표적인 특산 식물인 섬쑥부쟁이 추출물을 이용하여 화장품 분야에서의 활용방안에 대한 연구를 조사한바, 효소적 in vitro 검색법을 측정하여 이들 중 가장 우수한 EtOAc 추출물을 대상으로 이러한 저해능이 멜라닌 생성에 관련된 단백질 발현과도 연관성이 있는지를 확인하기 위해 B16F10 melanoma cell line 내 단백질 수준을 확인하였다. Tyrosinase, TRP-1의 항체를 이용한 western blot으로 관련 단백질의 발현량을 조사한 결과 섬쑥부쟁이 에틸아세테이트 분획물 100 ug/ml을 처리한 군에서는 tyrosinase protein을 30.5%를 억제하였고, TRP-1은 41.5% 억제하였다. 한편, 섬쑥부쟁이 분획물의 생육 저해환 측정에서는 Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli에 대하여 헥산 분획물 2 mg/disc에서 각각 21.0 mm, 12.0 mm, 14.0 mm의 저해환을 나타내어 섬쑥부쟁이 헥산 분획물만이 유일하게 높은 항균활성을 나타났다. 이들 실험 결과를 미루어보아, 섬쑥부쟁이의 화장품 분야에서의 활용적 가치가 충분하다고 사료되나, 그 활성 성분에 대한 명확한 규명을 위한 추가적인 연구를 제시하는 바이다.