• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2015

소면적 재배 작물 중 연속수확작물인 높은 들깻잎의 안전성 확보를 위하여 들깻잎 중 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 잔류양상을 연구하였다. 확립된 분석법을 이용하여 회수율시험을 실시한 결과 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 회수율은 81.9~104.8% 범위로 만족할만하였다. 들깻잎의 생육 기간 중 bifenthrin과 chlorfenapyr의 잔류량 변화는 first order kinetics model을 적용하여 해석하였으며 이 식으로부터 산출된 감소상수는 bifenthrin에서 $0.0724-0.0535day^{-1}$, chlorfenapyr에서 $0.0948-0.0821day^{-1}$로 나타났다. 두 농약의 들깻잎 중 반감기는 bifenthrin의 경우 9.6-12.9일이었으며, chlorfenapyr는 7.3-8.4일이었다. 산출된 두 농약의 감소상수를 이용하여 pre-harvest residue limit(PHRL)을 산출한 결과 수확 10일전 들깻잎 중 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 잔류량이 각각 17.1 및 15.9 mg/kg일 경우 수확일에는 두 농약의 잔류허용기준인 7.0 및 10.0 mg/kg 이하로 잔류하여 안전할 것으로 예상되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.550-560
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• 2012

Objectives: QSAR methodology was applied to explain two different sets of acceptable daily intake (ADI) data of 74 pesticides proposed by both the USEPA and WHO in terms of setting guidelines for food and drinking water. Methods: A subset of calculated descriptors was selected from Dragon$^{(R)}$ software. QSARs were then developed utilizing a statistical technique, genetic algorithm-multiple linear regression (GA-MLR). The differences in each specific model in the prediction of the ADI of the pesticides were discussed. Results: The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a statistically significant QSAR model with five descriptors. Resultant QSAR models were robust, showing good utility across multiple classes of pesticide compounds. The applicability domain was also defined. The proposed models were robust and satisfactory. Conclusions: The QSAR model could be a feasible and effective tool for predicting ADI and for the comparison of logADIEPA to logADIWHO. The statistical results agree with the fact that USEPA focuses on more subtle endpoints than does WHO.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.8.1-8.8
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• 2014

Objectives An ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides is bio-pesticides, which are derived from natural sources. The interest in bio-pesticides is based on the disadvantages associated with chemical pesticides. Methods We conducted acute toxicity assessments of camphor, a major component of bio-pesticides, by using Daphnia magna (D. magna) as well as assessed the morphological abnormalities that occurred in Danio rerio (D. rerio) embryos. Results The median effective concentration of camphor on D. magna after 48 hours was $395.0{\mu}M$, and the median lethal concentration on D. rerio embryos after 96 hours was $838.6{\mu}M$. The no observed effect concentration and predicted no effect concentration of camphor on D. magna, which was more sensitive than D. rerio, were calculated as $55.2{\mu}M$ and $3.95{\mu}M$, respectively. Morphological abnormalities in D. rerio embryos exposed to camphor increased over time. Coagulation, delayed hatching, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and pigmentation of embryos mainly appeared between 24 and 48 hours. Further, symptoms of scoliosis and head edema occurred after 72 hours. In addition, bent tails, ocular defects and collapsed symptoms of fertilized embryonic tissue were observed after 96 hours. Conclusions The camphor toxicity results suggest that continuous observations on the ecosystem are necessary to monitor toxicity in areas where biological pesticides containing camphor are sprayed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The healthy food trend has encouraged the consumption of natural products, including berries. This trend is expected to increase the strawberry consumption. There has been a concern about the exposure of pesticides approved for use on strawberry. In this study, the dissipation patterns of systemic and non-systemic pesticides were evaluated in strawberry under plastic-covered greenhouse conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were applied on strawberry in the critical GAP (Good Agricultural Practices). Strawberries were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after final application of the pesticides. The analyses of the residual pesticides were performed by HPLC-DAD with C18 column. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 0.04 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 88.1 ~ 103.3% and 79.0 ~ 110.2% for the spiked two levels (LOQ and 10LOQ), respectively. The biological half-lives of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph werer 7.5 and 8.9 days, respectively. The dissipation rates in strawberry were calculated by the statistics method at a 95% confidence level. The distribution showed that pesticides with low log Pow were indicated by the decreased dissipation rate and pesticides with similar log Pow and low solubility also showed the decreased dissipation rate. CONCLUSION: The residues of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph in strawberry at time 0 after the final application were below the established MRL in Korea. The dissipation behavior of systemic and non-systemic pesticides in strawberry is affected by their log Pow and water solubility values.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.340-360
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• 1982

Because of the continuing rapid increase in pesticide usage in Taiwan, much attention has been focus on pesticide contamination of food and effect of pesticides on human and environmental health. The Plant Protection Center (PPC) conducts safety evaluation of pesticides usee! in Taiwan. The pesticides are classified into different groups based on their acute toxicities. Pesticides which are classified into extremely toxic group are not allow to used on short term crops or the continuously harvest crops. The acute toxicity of pesticides to the beneficial insects are also studied, special attention has been paid to the two predators of rice brown planthopper. 60% of cultivated land in Taiwan are paddy field; therefore, acute fish toxicity was taken into consideration when a pesticide was applied for registration to be used in the paddy. Fish toxicities were evaluated by the dangerous rating value which is the amount of pesticide residue in the field water over the TLM value. Mutagenicity of pesticides was continuously evaluated by using Arne's microbial testing method. Island wide survey of residual levels of pesticides of known pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbon . insecticides, mercurial compounds in soil, water and biological samples were carried out constantly. The potential of a new1y Imported esticides to pollute the environment were studied by using model ecosystem. Ecological magnification (EM) of a chemical was calculated from model ecosystem. A chemical was considered as a pollutant when its EM value over 5000. In order to ensure the levels of pesticides residue of the crop within the safety limit. The 'tolerance' of pesticides on different crop groupings were established base on 1) acceptable daily intake value of individual pesticides, 2) average daily consumption of each crop groupings by Chinese person, 3) Actual residues of pesticides. on different crops obtained from supervised trials. Total about 79 pesticides for which the tolerances have been established on different crop groupings. Because the intensive agricultural system was adopted in Taiwan. The phytotoxicity of pesticides to the non-target crops was therefore become one of the important factor in the safety evaluation of pesticide usage. These will include 1) direct injury, 2) injury caused by pesticide polluted irrigation water, 3) injury caused by the pesticide polluted soil, 4) reduction of growth caused by the effect of pesticide on the soil microorganisms. This paper will reviewed all the aspects mentioned in the previous .paragraphs. Most the works have done in Taiwan by the PPC.y the PPC.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticides is exposed in an aquatic environment and effected to benthic animals. Especially, sediment-associated pesticides is required for determination of sediment toxicity on aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of six pesticides (chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil, pendimethalin) on Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil and pendimethalin were used as a model compounds, which have a sediment-associated potential ($K_{oc}$>3). Acute and chronic toxicity tests on Chironomus riparius were performed at six concentrations of each pesticide with four replicates of each based on OECD test guideline 235 and 218. The calculated 48-h $EC_{50}$ values of chlorfluazuron, flutianil, pendimethalin, difenoconazole, dithianon and flufenoxuron were 6.72, 2.55, 2.27, 0.77, 0.30 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. Flufenoxuron was the lowest 48-h $EC_{50}$ value in this study. The No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of flufenoxuron for Chironomus riparius in 28-days test were 30 and $60{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pesticides of the sediment-associated have the potential effect for Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, sediment toxicity assessment of these pesticides should be further investigated to evaluate the impact to benthic organisms.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.407-415
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• 2019

들깻잎에 살포된 triazole계 살균제 6종에 대하여 생물학적 반감기를 산출하고 분해 및 소실 속도를 확인하였으며, 통계분석으로 생물학적 반감기와 농약의 물리화학적 특성간의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 확립된 분석법으로 6종 농약의 회수율 시험 결과 84.8-104.9%로 잔류농약분석법 기준을 만족하였다. 들깻잎에 살포한 농약 6종의 생물학적 반감기는 first-order kinetics model으로 산출하였으며, 그 결과 6.4-15.1일로 나타났다. 산출된 생물학적 반감기와 6종의 농약의 물리화학적 특성을 주성분 분석으로 상관성을 확인하였을 때, pKa, Log P 및 생물학적 반감기가 PC1에 영향을 받아 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. Spearman rank-order correlation으로 생물학적 반감기와 물리화학적 특성간의 상관계수를 산출하였을 때, 생물학적 반감기와 pKa는 R² = -0.928, p <0.01로 나타나, 생물학적 반감기는 pKa와 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2005

본 연구는 생산단계의 딸기에 4가지 살균제(tolclofos-m, folpet, procymidone, triflumizole)를 수확 10일전 안전사용 기준량으로 처리한 후 잔류량을 파악하였고, 이것을 근거로 6 가지 kinetic models(first order, zero order, second order, power function model, elovich model, parabolic model)에 따른 반감기를 비교하였다. 최적의 모델로 판명된 first order kinetic model로부터 구한 반감기를 이용하여 생산단계잔류허용기준(field tolerance)을 설정, 제시하였다. 잔류분석법의 적합성 판단을 위한 회수율 실험에서는 $85.1{\sim}105.0%$ 범위를 보였으며, 4 가지 약제 모두 약제 처리 5일 후 평균 73% 이상 소실되었다. 잔류량과 시간과의 상관관계는 first order kinetic model에서 가장 높은 결정계수값을 보였으며, 이를 이용하여 산출한 반감기로 생산단계 잔류허용기준(안)을 설정하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 최적의 kinetic model로 반감기를 산출해야 한다는 이론적 근거를 제시하는 것이며, 수확 후 또는 유통 중의 잔류허용기준뿐만 아니라 생산단계에서도 허용기준을 마련하여 부적합 품목을 사전에 차단할 수 있는 기준설정의 예로서 안전 농산물 공급과 농가소득에 크게 기여할 수 있는 기초자료가 될 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.201-215
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• 1999

Limited information is available on the acceptability of Korean MRLs(maximum residue limits) and the health risk based on the pesticide exposure by food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate TMDI(theoretical maximum daily intake) and EDI(estimated daily intake) for Korean by using MRLs, food intake, residue data, and correction factors, and compare with ADI(acceptable daily intake) in order to estimate the health risk based on the pesticide exposure. The study was performed in three steps. In the frist step, the residual pesticides in each category of food were investigated using the pesticide residue analytical data(1995-96) from officially approved organizations and the analytical data for poultry was adopted from Korean food code method. In the second step, TMDI was estimated from MRLs and food factors, and was compared with ADI. In the third step, the effectiveness of each culinary treatment (washing, peeling, steaming, boiling, and salting) was evaluated and EDI was calculated using pesticide residue data, food factor, and correction factor by treatment. TMDI obtained from MRLs and food intake, and food intake was summed as 1,100.99 g, which was 79.1% of total consumption. The percent ratio of TMDI to ADI for 156 pesticides was mostly below 80% and only 30 pesticides exceeded the ADI. In particular, non-treated EDI from pesticide residue data and food intake was summed up to about 43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/capita, and the rank was procymidone(8.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > maleic hydrazide(8.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > EPN(3.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > deltamethrin(3.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > cypermethrin(3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$). The treated EDI calculated from pesticide residue data, food intake, and correction factor by culinary treatment was summed up to 13.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/captia. The percentage of ADI was TMDI(79.74%) > non-treated EDI (0.17%) > treated EDI (0.04%), and the exposure level of Korean population to whole pesticides was below the level to produce health risk. Oncogenic risk of five pesticides used in Korea whose oncogenic potency(Q*) was known were assessed from TMDI and treated EDI. Dietary oncogenic risk for Korean was estimated to be 2.0$\times$10-3 on the basis of TMDI, 8.3$\times$10-7 on the basis of treated EDI. The oncogenic risk from TMDI exceeded the risk level(1$\times$10-6) of EPA, whereas the oncogenic risk from treated EDI and real exposure level lower than that of EPA.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2017

최근 농업 분야에 IT 기술이 결합되면서 농업자동화 시스템에 대해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 농작물의 생육환경을 자동으로 조절하는 시스템에 대한 연구도 이들 중 하나이다. 농작물의 병충해로 야기되는 피해를 방제하는 작업은 농민들의 미흡한 방제 효과에 대한 염려 때문에 수동방제나 반자동방제에 의해 수행되고 있다. 이러한 방식은 사람이 유해한 약물에 노출되거나 약제 과다 사용으로 인한 낭비 및 환경오염 등의 문제점이 있으므로 개선이 필요하다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 농약제조회사에서 제시하고 있는 권장 농약 살포량을 기준으로 경작면적에 따른 방제량을 계산하여 정량 방제를 가능하게 하는 자동화정량방제시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 자동화정량방제시스템의 효율성을 확인하기 위해서 수동방제 및 반자동방제의 경우와 비교하여 실험하였다. 실험을 통해서 자동화된 시스템이 약제의 과다 사용을 줄일 수 있었으며, 수동방제에 버금가는 방제효과를 얻어 기존의 방제작업을 대체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.