• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.307-326
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• 2003

In Korea, as the state has played a vital role for industrial development, the location and development of industrial complexes have not been merely decided by economic factors but political and social factors as well. The location of industrial complexes in Chonbuk province has not been decided by industrial enterprises to be located there, but by investment strategies of the state. In the early stage of industrialization, Chonbuk could not attract a large-scale major complex because it had relatively inferior infrastructure for industry and uneasy access to overseas export markets, as compared to the capital region or the Southeast region of the country, and it has been left behind as a periphery in the national industrial system. Since 1980, the spatial policies for lessening regional disparities had much contributed to the development of industrial complexes in this province. The industrial complexes leading to the development of manufacturing activities in this region have also great influenced on structural changes of manufacturing as well as changes in the structure of the regional economy. Especially, capital goods manufacturing tends to increase in this region as the development of sectors required relative higher skill and technology mainly occurs in these complexes. And where the large-scale industrial complexes are located greatly influences the locational patterns of manufacturing in this province. The patterns of the industrial complexes in this region have concentrated in Chonju, Iksan, and Kusan, which are the largest cities in this province. Given these three cities to be very closely proximate, it seems to be easy to build network between them to develop the manufacturing activities in the near future.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2009

The programed cell death of the cutaneous epithelial tissue during tail regression stages in anuran tadpoles of the blackspotted frog, Rana nigromaculata were visualized by the histochemical and transmission electron microscopic techniques. Metamorphotic changes in the tail regression during the period of the Shumway stage number 31 to 33 are characterized by the disappearance of mucous layer and formation of compound epithelium through cutaneous thickening. Following the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated d-uridine triphosphate nick end labeling) staining technique, the apoptotic cells were detected at the distal region of the tail skin initially, but they can be seen at the proximal region according to their following development. It has been also revealed that the number of the TUNEL-positive cells gradually increased from apical to basal direction of the epithelial layers during the tail regressing stages. Following the TEM observation, the early apoptotic cells shown in the epithelium demonstrated condensation and margination of the chromatin material at the nuclear periphery. Another epithelial apoptotic cells were shown nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing and cytoplasmic condensation. Following the process of the apoptotic degradation, well preserved organelles and nuclear fragments can be identified in the cytoplasm of lysosome-rich cells, however they soon reduced to lysosomal residual bodies through the progressive degradation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2012

The Nup188 protein is one of the largest evolutionally conserved nucleoprins (Nups) that compose the inner ring of nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup184 protein, fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ortholog of Nup188p, is required for normal growth and mRNA export in nutrient-rich medium (YES). Here, we identified a carboxyl region (482 to 1628) of Nup184 protein that was enough to complement the defects of both growth and mRNA export when the ${\Delta}nup184$ knock-out mutant was grown in YES medium. This region is also required for localization of GFP-Nup184 fusion to the nuclear periphery. In addition, we found that ORF of Nup184 (predicted 1564 amino-acid protein) registered in S. pombe GeneDB (hosted by Sanger Institute, UK) is 64 amino-acid residues shorter than that predicted by our sequence data. This carboxy-terminal region is necessary for the functions of Nup184p. We further demonstrated that Nup184 protein was conjugated with SUMO in vivo.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1998

Physical geography is the discipline which deals with the relationship between man and natural environment. Therefore, it should be studied as the organized unity. In this paper I recognize the drainage basin as a framework outlining physical geography, describe the difference of inhabitant's life style due to the difference of natural environment in the drainage basin, and consider the meaning of drainage basin as a unit of life(and unit of regional geography). Munkyung is divided into three regions(intermontane basin region, middle mountainous region, marginal hilly region of the great basin) owing to the topographic characteristics. Subdivision in these regions is related closely to drainage network distribution, specially in intermontane basin region. And small regions have developed with the confluence point of $3{\sim}4$ order streams as the central figure. Intermontane basin region is the valley floor of Sinbuk-Soya-Kauun-Nongam stream located in the limestone region which is exposed according to Munkyung fault at its northern part. Small streams are affected strongly by the influence of the NNE-SSE or WNW-ESE tectolineament. Thus Kaeripryungro(鷄立嶺路), Saejaegil(새재길), Ewharyungro(伊火嶺路) and so on are constructed through the tectolineament. In the valley floors of small streams which flow into the intermontane basin, there are large floodplains. Floodplain in Sinbuk, Joryung, and Yangsan stream is used to paddy field or orchard, and in Nongam stream is used to paddy field or vegetable field. Hills are distributed largely in the periphery of intermontane basin. Limestone hills in Kauun and Masung basin are not continuous to the present low and flat floodplain, and most of those are used to forest land and field. On the other side. granite hills in Koyori are continuous to be used to the present floodplain, and they are used to residential area and field. In the middle mountainous region are there hilly mountains constructed in the geology of Palaeozoic Pyeongan System in northern area and Chosun System's Limestone Series in southern area, and banded gneiss and schist among Sobaeksan Gneiss Complex. In Palaeozoic Pyeongan System region are there relatively rugged mountains and ingrown meanders developed along tectolineaments. Chosun System's Limestone Series region builds up a geomorphic surface, develops various karst landforms. Mountainous area is used to field. On the other hand, especially in case of Hogye, valley bottom is wide, long, and discontinuous to slope, is used to paddy field dominantly. And schist region in Youngnam Block of Pre-Cambrian is rugged mountainous. Marginal hilly region of the great basin is hilly zone located in the margin of erosional basin(Bonghwa-Youngju-Yechon-Hamchang-Sangju). This region is lower geomorphic surface which is consisted of hills of $50{\sim}100$m height. Hills are used to field or orchard, and dissected gentle depression is used to paddy field.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.203-220
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of morphology and structure of bone tissue, caused by administration of high-dose hydrocortisone, elcatonin and cyclophosphamide. In order to carry out experiment, 60 four-week old Sprague-Dawley strain rats weighing about 107 gms were selected and divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group was subdivided into three groups, assigned fifteen rats for each group, by the different drugs administered. Each experimental group was then categorized as follows: hydrocortisone 30㎎/㎏ b.w. with daily subcutaneous injection, elcatonin 20U/㎏ b.w. with daily subcutaneous injection, and cyclophosphamide 100㎎/㎏ b.w. with a single intraperitoneal injection. Fifteen rats were injected daily with 5㎖/㎏ b.w. of normal saline solution subcutaneously in control group. Rats in control group and experimental group were serially sacrificed on the 6th, the 15th and the 22nd day after injection of normal saline, hydrocortisone, elcatonin and cyclophosphamide, respectively. Being sacrificed, both sides of mandibular condyles were removed and fixed with 10% neutral formaline. The one side of mandibular condyles was radiographed with soft X-ray apparatus. Thereafter, the obtained radiographs were observed, and the bone density of condylar head and condylar neck regions was measured by use of transferring video-based digital radiograph. The other side was further decalcified and embedded in paraffin as usual manner, then sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, observed by light microscope. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Sclerotic changes with regularly increased trabecular pattern were seen throughout experimental periods in hydrocortisone group. Increased the number of trabecular pattern with irregularity and periodic striation on the periphery of condylar head region were appeared with lapse of time in elcatonin group. In cyclophosphamide group, irregular trabecular pattern and stippled radiopacities on mandibular condyle were observed with lapse of time. 2. The bone density of condylar head region was increased in hydrocortisone group, decreased in elcatonin group, and tended to be decreased in cyclophosphamide group, compared with that of control group according to the experimental periods. 3. The bone density of condylar neck region tended to be rather increased in hydrocortisone group, elcatonin group and cyclophosphamide group, depending on the experimental periods. 4. In microscopic studies, there were irregular trabecular bonds and osteoblastic activity in hydrocortisone group and elcatonin group throughout experimental periods, degenerative cartilage and trabecular bones in the 6th day and densely calcified trabecular bones in the 22nd day in cyclophosphamide group.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The ultrastructures of germ cells and the accessory cells during spermatogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Gomphina veneriformis, which was collected on the coastal waters of Yangyang, East Sea of Korea, were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves in that it contains a short midpiece with four mitochondria surrounding the centrioles. Accessory cells are observed to be connected to adjacent germ cells, they contain a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development, while any phenomena associated with phagocytosis of undischarged, residual sperms by lysosomes in the cytoplasm of the accessory cells after spawning was not observed in this study. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylindrical and modified long cone shape, respectively. In particular, the axial filaments in the lumen of the acrosome, and subacrosomal granular materials are observed in the subacrosomal space between the anterior nuclear fossa and the beginning part of axial filaments in the acrosome. The spermatozoon is approximately $50-55{\mu}m$ in length including a long sperm nucleus (about $7.80{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $1.13{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum ($40-45{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. Some charateristics of sperm morphology of this species in the family Veneridae are (1) acrosomal morphology, (2) the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm,. The axial filament appears in the acrosome as one of characteristics seen in several species of the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely the subclass pteriomorphia containing axial rod instead of the axial filament. As some characteristics of the acrosome structures, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part (region). These charateristics belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely a characteristic of the subclass pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part (region). Therefore, it is easy to distinguish the families or the subclasses by the acrosome structures. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appeared in most species in the family Veneridae.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2011

Some characteristics of the formations of acrosomal vesicles during the late stage of spermatids during spermiogenesis and taxonomical charateristics of sperm morphology in male two species (Saxidomus purpurata and Meretrix petechialis) in the family Veneridae were investigated by electron microscope observations. In two species, the morphologies of the spermatozoa have the primitive type and are similar to those of other bivalves in that it contains a short midpiece with five mitochondria surrounding the centrioles. The morphologies of the sperm nuclear types of S. purpurata and M. petechialis in Veneridae have the curved cylindrical and cylinderical type, respectively. And the acrosome shapes of two species are the same cap-shape type. In particular, the axial filament is not found in the lumen of the acrosome of two species, however, subacrosomal material are observed in the subacrosomal spaces between the anterior nuclear fossa and the acrosomal vesicle of two species. The spermatozoon of S. purpurata is approximately 46-$52{\mu}m$ in length, including a curved sperm nucleus (about $3.75{\mu}m$ in length), a long acrosome (about $0.40{\mu}m$ in length),and a tail flagellum (about 45-$47{\mu}m$ long). And the spermatozoon of M. petechialis is approximately 47-$50{\mu}m$ in length including a slightly curved sperm nucleus (about $1.50{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.56{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum (44-$48{\mu}m$ in length). In two species, the axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum of each species consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair of cental doublets at the center. Therefore, the axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum shows a 9 + 2 structure. In particular, taxonomically important some charateristics of sperm morphologies of two species in the family Veneridae are acrosomal morphology of the sperm, The axial filament is not found in the acrosome as seen in a few species of the family Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta. The acrosomal vesicle is composed of right, left basal rings and the apex part of the acrosomal vesicle. In particular, right and left basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the apex part of the acrosomal vesicle shows electron lucent part (region). These charateristics belong to the subclass Heterodonta, unlikely a characteristic of the subclass Pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part (region). Therefore, it is easy to distinguish the families or the subclasses by the acrosomal structures. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of S. purpurata and M. petechialis in Veneridae are five. However, the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm in most species of Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta are four. Therefore, the number of mitochondria of the sperm midpiece of two species are exceptionally 5, and it is only exceptional case in the species in Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta. Except these cases, the number of mitochondria in the sperm midpiece in all families in the subclass Heterodontaare are 4, and now widely used in taxonomic analyses.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2003

The pyrenoid ultrastructure and distribution of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Rubisco activase in the chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied using the immunogold localization technology with electron microscopy. There were several tubular thylakoids invading in the pyrenoid matrix to form several spokewise channels. The connections between pyrenoid matrix and stroma of chloroplast were the partial of channels. The starch sheath surrounding the pyrenoid was separated into several parts by the connections in transection. Some thylakoids were packed together near the connections in one side of the pyrenoid. Those special structures might be used to transport substance between pyrenoid and stroma of chloroplasts. With the antibody raised against the large subunits of Rubsico from C. protothecoides, the result of the gold immunolocalization of Rubisco in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed most of the gold particles heavily labeled the pyrenoid matrix, as well as the starch sheath matrix, and very few in the stroma of chloroplasts. The gold particle density was 880.00 $\pm$ 164.32, 190.00 $\pm$ 152.39 and 9.60 $\pm$ 5.37 ${\mu}m^{-2}$ in pyrenoid matrix, starch sheath and stroma region of chloroplast respectively (background: 5.67 $\pm$ 1.53 ${\mu}m^{-2}$). 99.59% of the total Rubiscos was calculated to be concentrated in the pyrenoid matrix and starch sheath by spatial densities. The gold immunolocalization of Rubisco activase also showed that Rubisco activase was mainly concentrated in the periphery of the pyrenoid and the starch sheath (the density was as high as 229.69 $\pm$ 96.96 ${\mu}m^{-2}$). There were very few gold particles located in the stroma of chloroplasts. These results indicated that pyrenoid surface and starch sheath was the site for Rubisco activation and $CO_2$ fixation, which supported the suggestion that pyrenoids perform photosynthesis function.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1702-1709
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• 2002

This paper analyzes heterogeneous distribution of branch-like structure at the downstream region of the spray. The liquid and vapor phase of the spray are obtained using a 35㎜ still camera and CCD camera in order to investigate spray structure of evaporating diesel spray. There have been many studies conducted on diesel spray structure but have yet only focused on the analyses of 2-D structure. There are a few information which is concerned with 3-D structure analysis of evaporating spray. The heterogeneous distribution of droplets in inner spray affects the mixture formation of diesel spray and the combustion characteristics of the diesel engines. In this study, the laser beam of 2-D plane was used in order to investigate 3-D structure of evaporating spray The incident laser beam was offset on the central axis of the spray. From the analysis of images taken by offset laser beam, we will examine the formation mechanism of heterogeneous distribution of the diesel spray by vortex flow at the downstream of the spray. The images of liquid and vapor phase of free spray are simultaneously taken through an exciplex fluorescence method. Through this, the branch-like structure consisting of heterogeneous distribution of the droplets forms high concentrated vapor phase at the periphery of droplets and at the spray tip.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2010

Spermatid differentiations during spermiogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Crassostrea nipponica were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon of this species has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves. Mature spermatozoa consist of broad, cap-shaped acrosomal vesicle and an axial rod in subacrosomal materials on an oval nucleus showing deeply invaginated anteriorly, two triplet substructure centrioles surrounded by four spherical mitochondria, and satelite fibres, which appear near the distal centriole. The acrosomal vesicle of spermatozoa of C. nipponica resemble to those of other investigated ostreids. Especially, two transverse bands (stripes) appear at the anterior region of the acrosomal vesicle, unlikely 2-3 transverse bands (stripes) in C. gigas. It is assumed that differences in this acrosomal substructure are associated with the inability of fertilization between the genus Crassostrea and other genus species in Ostreidae. Therefore, we can use sperm morphology in the resolution of taxonomic relationships within the Ostreidea. The sperm is approximately $48-50{\mu}m$ in length including an oval sperm nucleus (about $1.0{\mu}m$ in length and $1.41{\mu}m$ in width), an acrosome (about $0.48{\mu}m$ in length and 0.30 in width) and tail flagellum ($46-48{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9 + 2 structure. These morphological charateristics of acrosomal vesicle belong to the family Ostreidae in the subclass Pteriomorphia.