• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.181-191
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• 2001

The acoustic quality of a vowel is known to be mostly determined by the frequencies of the first formant(Fl) and the second formant(F2). The perceptual(or psychological) dimensions of vowel perception were examined in this study. Also the relationships among perceptual dimensions, acoustical dimensions(Fl & F2), and articulatory gestures of vowel were discussed. Using multi-dimensional scaling(MDS) technique, the experiment was performed in order to identify the perceptual dimensions of the perception of Korean vowel. In the experiment 8 Seoul standard speakers performed the similarity rating task of 10 synthesized Korean vowels. Two-dimensional MDS solution based. on the similarity rating scores was obtained. The results showed that two perceptual dimensions, D1 and D2 were correlated strongly with F2 and F1(r = -.895 and .878 respectively), and were so interpreted as 'vowel advancement' and 'vowel height' respectively. The relationship between the perceptual dimensions of vowel and the articulatory positions of tongue suggested that perception may be directly linked to production. Further research problems were discussed in the .final section.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of personality trait information on young children's perception of initial attraction in peer relationships. The sample consisted of 90 children of three to five years of age in South Korea. Children were presented with an inductive inference task where they had to make inference of a target character's preference on novel-play and prosocial act based on trait labels (smart-not smart, outgoing-shy, nice-mean) and perceptual (toy) similarity information of two test characters. Children showed difference in their use of trait information depending on the perceptual similarity information, trait valence, and inference question with age. This result provides initial support that not only do young children understand the significance of trait in peer attraction but also know when trait label is more informative to use to infer others depending on the situation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.163-167
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• 2005

Current theories of cross-language speech perception claim that patterns of perceptual assimilation of non-native segments to native categories predict relative difficulties in learning to perceive (and produce) non-native phones. Perceptual assimilation patterns by Japanese listeners of the three-way voicing distinction in Korean syllable-initial obstruent consonants were assessed directly. According to Speech Learning Model (SLM) and Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM), the resulting perceptual assimilation pattern predicts relative difficulty in discrimination between lenis and aspirated consonants, and relative ease in the discrimination of fortis. This study compared the effects of two different training conditions on Japanese adults’perceptual categorization of Korean three-way distinction. In one condition, participants were trained to discriminate lenis and aspirated consonants which were predicted to be problematic, whereas in another condition participants were trained with all three classes of 'learnability' did not seem to depend lawfully on the perceived cross-language similarity of Korean and Japanese consonants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.177-182
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• 2003

This study is directed toward determining the number and characteristics of psychologically meaningful perceptual dimensions required for assessing the sound Ouaiity with respect to vehicle interior and/or exterior noises. and toward identifying the acoustical or psychoacoustical bases underlying the perception. By nonmetric MDS and clustring analysis of sound quality data sets on our own, of critical importance are two perceptual dimensions for which subjective verdicts can be interpreted as loudness and sharpness. The perceptual dimensions based upon similarity judgments could be accounted for 48% and 24% of the variance. each of which might be a match for the acoustic parameter "A-weighted maximum pressure level"(r= .85) and for the psychoacoustic parameter "sharpness" (r= .65), respectively. On the other hand, the perceptual dimensions based upon preference ratings could explain 66% and 10% of the variance. where the acoustic parameter "A-weighted maximum pressure leve"(r= .92) might be taken to be a best predictor, but sharpness appeared to be less suitable for the description of Preference behavior. Linked to the results, the problems of quantitative modelling of subjective sound quality evaluation and also of implementing corresponding cognitive combination rule for technical and industrial applications, say having "winner-sound qualify" according to preference criteria will be shortly in discussion.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

This paper investigates how adult Mandarin- and English- speaking learners of Korean perceive Korean vowels, with focus on the effect of the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) acoustic relationship, as well as the influence of Korean language experience. For this study, native Mandarin and Canadian English speakers who have learned Korean as a foreign language, as well as a control group of native Korean speakers, participated in two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to examine acoustic similarities between Korean and English vowels, as well as Korean and Mandarin vowels to predict which Korean vowels are relatively easy, or difficult for L2 learners to perceive. The linear discriminant analysis (Klecka, 1980) based on their L1-L2 acoustic similarity predicted that L2 Mandarin learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e/ >> /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ (most difficult), whereas L2 English learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e, ɨ, ʌ/ >> /o, u/ (most difficult). The goal of Experiment 2 was to test how accurately L2 Mandarin and English learners perceive Korean vowels /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ which are considered to be difficult for L2 learners. The results of a mixed-effects logistic model revealed that English listeners showed higher identification accuracy for Korean vowels than Mandarin listeners, indicating that having a larger L1 vowel inventory than the L2 facilitates L2 vowel perception. However, both groups have the same ranking of Korean vowel perceptual difficulty: ɨ > ʌ > u > o. This finding indicates that adult learners of Korean can perceive the new vowel /ɨ/, which does not exist in their L1, more accurately than the vowel /o/, which is acoustically similar to vowels in their L1, suggesting that L2 learners are more likely to establish additional phonetic categories for new vowels. In terms of the influence of experience with L2, it was found that identification accuracy increases as Korean language experience rises. In other words, the more experienced English and Mandarin learners of Korean are, the more likely they are to have better identification accuracy in Korean vowels than less experienced learners of Korean. Moreover, there is no interaction between L1 background and L2 experience, showing that identification accuracy of Korean vowels is higher as Korean language experience increases regardless of their L1 background. Overall, these findings of the two experiments demonstrated that acoustic similarity between L1 and L2 sounds using the LDA model can partially predict perceptual difficulty in L2 acquisition, indicating that other factors such as perceptual similarity between L1 and L2, the merge of Korean /o/ and /u/ may also influence their Korean vowel perception.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.87-98
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• 2015

As SPA brands are growing in Korean apparel markets, they are extending their well-established brands into new markets (i.e., SPA brand extensions). To investigate psychological mechanism underlying SPA brand extensions, this study conceptually proposed such consumer information processing of SPA brand extensions as (1) perception of similarity between SPA brand extensions and their original brands and (2) evaluations on the SPA brand extensions (i.e., attitude and purchase intent). For hypothetical SPA brand extensions (high, moderate and low similarity conditions), perceived similarity was measured by using a eye-tracker and evaluations were assessed by using a self-reported questionnaire. The results reveal that the amount of external information searching for SPA brand extensions was larger in the following order: moderate, low and high similarity conditions. The depth of SPA brand information processing was also deeper in the same order. Evaluations on SPA brand extensions were higher in high and moderate similarity conditions than in low similarity condition. The findings suggest that the evaluations are affected by perceived similarity and the amount of cognitive efforts in processing SPA brand extensions.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.32-41
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• 2015

We live in the era of unlimited design competition. As the importance of design is increasing in all areas including marketing, each country does its best effort on design development. However, the preparation on protecting interior design rights by intellectual property laws(IPLs) has not been enough even though they occupy an important place in the design field. It is not quite easy to make a judgement on the similarity between two images having a single common factor because the factors which are composed of interior design have complicated interactive relations between them. From the IPLs point of view, designs with the similar overall appearance are decided to be similar. Objective evaluation criteria not only for designers but also for design examiners and judges are required in order to protect interior design by the IPLs. The objective of this study is the analysis of the possibility that a computer algorithm method can be useful to decide the similarity of interior design images. According to this study, it is realized that the Img2 which is one of content-based image retrieval computer programs can be utilized to measure the degree of the similarity. The simulation results of three descriptors(CEDD, FCTH, JCD) in the Img2 showed the high degree of similar patterns compared with the results of perceptual judgment by observers. In particular, it was verified that the Img2 has high availability on interior design images with a high score of similarity below 60 which are perceptually judged by observers.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.479-489
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• 2014

This paper presents a model-based image steganography method based on Watson's visual model. Model-based steganography assumes a model for cover image statistics. This approach, however, has some weaknesses, including perceptual detectability. We propose to use Watson's visual model to improve perceptual undetectability of model-based steganography. The proposed method prevents visually perceptible changes during embedding. First, the maximum acceptable change in each discrete cosine transform coefficient is extracted based on Watson's visual model. Then, a model is fitted to a low-precision histogram of such coefficients and the message bits are encoded to this model. Finally, the encoded message bits are embedded in those coefficients whose maximum possible changes are visually imperceptible. Experimental results show that changes resulting from the proposed method are perceptually undetectable, whereas model-based steganography retains perceptually detectable changes. This perceptual undetectability is achieved while the perceptual quality - based on the structural similarity measure - and the security - based on two steganalysis methods - do not show any significant changes.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

Lavie's perceptual load theory (Lavie, 1995) proposes that the influence of distractors would be blocked as the load gets higher. Studies of perceptual load have usually adopted the flanker task, developed by Eriksen and Eriksen (1974), which measures reaction time on the target flanked by distractors. In the post-cueing forced task, participants should report the identity of the target cued later, and negative repetition effect (NRE) has often been observed. NRE means the effect that the accuracy of identification is worse when the target is flanked by the same nontargets than when flanked by different nontargets. This study has tried to check whether perceptual load has an effect on identification rate and NRE. Experiment 1 manipulated the similarity between targets and a distractor, and observed a tendency of NRE, but not the effect of perceptual load. Experiment 2 used 4, 2 (in two kinds of diagonal arrangement), or none distractors of the same identity to burden more perceptual load. NRE was significant and perceptual load showed significance but not a linear trend. Experiment 3 checked again whether NRE would be varied according to two levels of perceptual load strengthened by positional variability of load stimuli, but did not find the effect of perceptual load. It is concluded that perceptual load might have a limited effect on the early stage of perceptual processing due to divided attentional processing of the targets briefly exposed. Implications of this study were discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1223-1232
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• 2004

This study is directed toward determining the number and characteristics of psychologically meaningful perceptual dimensions required for assessing the sound quality with respect to vehicle noises, and toward identifying the acoustical and/or psychoacoustical bases underlying the preference and similarity judgments. For the purpose of analyzing the paired comparison data produced by subjective ratings we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling(MDS). The perceptual dimensions based upon preference ratings could explain 76.3 % of the variance by maximum dB(A) and sharpness acum. The correlation between objective and subjective positions of the stimuli is $R^2$=0.97(F(1,13)=195.45, p < .01), corrected $R^2$=0.93. The less the intensity of the stimulus the more becomes the subjective Position would be over-estimated relative to the objective one. The same is valid for the opposite case. The perceptual dimensions based upon similarity judgments could be accounted for 47.8 % and 23.5% of the variance, each of which might be a match for the maximum dB(A) and the sharpness acum, respectively. The correlation between objective and subjective positions of the stimuli is $R^2$=0.94(F(1,13)=92.38, p < .01), corrected $R^2$=0.87. The more the intensity of the stimulus the more becomes the subjective position would be over-estimated relative to the objective one. The same is valid for the opposite case. In other words, it is likely that the larger the amount of two stimuli which to compare would be judged similar. So far it should be further clarified that whether the relationship between preference ratings and psychological distances nay be optimized through which psycho-physical models.