• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.83-85
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• 2002

Yonsei Cancer Center introduced an IMRT System at the beginning of February, 2002. The system consists of CORVUS(NOMOS) inverse planning machine, LANTIS(SIEMENS), PRIMEVIEW and PRIMART Linac(SIEMENS). The optimization of CORVUS planning system with PRIMART is an important work to get an efficient treatment plan. So, we studied two Finite Size Pencil Beams, 1.0 x 1.0 cm$^2$ and 0.5 x 1.0 cm$^2$, and four leaf transmission sets, 5%, 10%, 20%, 33%. We compared the dose distribution of target volume and delivery efficiency of the plan results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.208-210
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• 2002

In a treatment planning for actual patients with a complex internal structure, we often expect that proton beams, which pass through both a bolus and the heterogeneity in body, will form complex dose distributions. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculated dose distributions has to be verified for such a complex object. Then dose distributions formed by proton beams passing through both the bolus and phantoms simulating a clinical heterogeneity in patients were measured using a silicon semiconductor detector. The calculated results by the range-modulated pencil beam algorithm (RMPBA) produced large errors compared with the measured dose distributions since dose calculation using the RMPBA could not predict accurately the edge-scattering effect both in the bolus and in clinical heterogeneous phantoms. On the other hand, in spite of this troublesome heterogeneity, calculated results by the simplified Monte Carlo (SMC) method reproduced the experimental ones well. It is obvious that the dose-calculations by the SMC method will be more useful for application to the treatment planning for proton therapy.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.spc1
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• pp.292-304
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• 2005

In this paper we present the linearized equations of motion for a bicycle as a benchmark. The results obtained by pencil-and-paper and two programs are compared. The bicycle model we consider here consists of four rigid bodies, viz. a rear frame, a front frame being the front fork and handlebar assembly, a rear wheel and a front wheel, which are connected by revolute joints. The contact between the knife-edge wheels and the flat level surface is modelled by holonomic constraints in the normal direction and by non-holonomic constraints in the longitudinal and lateral direction. The rider is rigidly attached to the rear frame with hands free from the handlebar. This system has three degrees of freedom, the roll, the steer, and the forward speed. For the benchmark we consider the linearized equations for small perturbations of the upright steady forward motion. The entries of the matrices of these equations form the basis for comparison. Three diffrent kinds of methods to obtain the results are compared : pencil-and-paper, the numeric multibody dynamics program SPACAR, and the symbolic software system Auto Sim. Because the results of the three methods are the same within the machine round-off error, we assume that the results are correct and can be used as a bicycle dynamics benchmark.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.547-564
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate 5th graders' performance for mixed operational problem. For this purpose. two kinds of studies were conducted: a descriptive study by pencil and paper tests(32 problems) and a clinical study by interviews. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained in this study were as follows: First, students were highly scored in pencil and paper tests(M=85.25%). But that score is not up to scratch. Because the problem was composed of simple calculations and if students calculate problems from only let side, they gel 75% right answer, etc. Second, most of students solved mixed operational problems by text-based way, but some students solved flexibly. There are several error types. The main error type is students' following the wrong order of calculations. Some students have obstacles to express their thought with numerical expressions. So they make errors. Third, students solve mixed operational problems with various strategies. For examples, they solve problems by describing calculation procedures, drawing lines to indicate the order of calculations, carrying out two numerical expressions, etc.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2015

A voltammetric toxic metal of cadmium detection was studied using a fluorine doped graphite pencil electrode (FPE) in a seawater electrolyte. In this study, square wave (SW) stripping and chronoamerometry were used for determination of Cd(II) in seawater. Affordable pencils and an auxiliary electrode were used as reference. All experiments in this study could be performed at reasonable cost by using graphite pencil. The application was performed on the tissue of contaminated soil earthworm. The results show that the method can be applicable for vegetables and in vivo fluid or medicinal diagnosis.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.647-650
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• 2014

Assessment and rehabilitation of patients with unilateral visual neglect has been one of the fields that require assistive technology. Paper-and-pencil tests, including the LBT (Line Bisection Test), have been one of the most commonly used visual neglect assessment methods used in a clinical setting. The key motivation of this study was to establish a computer-based real-time assessment system for the hemi-neglect patients without altering the conventional paper-and-pencil based user tools. A digital penbased assessment and rehabilitation system, the ePen System, could eliminate the manual assessment time while maintaining measurement accuracy. As a result, the proposed system may assist rehabilitation specialists to assess and diagnose patients with unilateral visual neglect. This system can be applied to a range assessment and rehabilitation modalities based on a pen and paper. It can also be applied to various patients such as those with Parkinson's disease, stroke sufferers, or those who have experienced different forms of brain lesions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.915-920
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• 2011

Four esters of succinic and maleic acid were synthesized, separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). A comparison of matrix materials showed that 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,6-DHB) yielded a greater ionization efficiency than 2,5-DHB prior to TLC separation. The location of each ester sample on the TLC plate was estimated by comparing the developed plate with a duplicate plate that had been visualized by immersion in a $KMnO_4$ solution. Generally, mass spectra obtained from the $KMnO_4$-visualized plate were relatively poor. Reproducible mass spectra with high peak abundance were difficult to obtain using the 2,6-DHB matrix from crude synthetic esters extracted from the TLC plates. Significant improvements in both reproducibility and sensitivity were realized by using pencil lead as the MALDI matrix. The current methodology will be beneficial to organic chemists since it can provide a guideline for simple and rapid characterization of small organic compounds.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1827-1835
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• 2010

In this paper, facial feature areas in user picture are created by facial feature points extracted by ASM(Active Shape Model). In a existing virtual make-up application, users manually select a few features that are exactly. Users are uncomfortable with this method. We propose a virtual makeup application using ASM that does not require user input. In order to express a natural makeup, the modified alpha blendings for each cosmetic are used to blend skin color with cosmetic color. The Virtual makeup application was implemented to apply Foundation, Blush, Lip Stick, Lip Liner, Eye Pencil, Eye Liner and Eye Shadow.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.737-744
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• 2012

EDM is the manufacturing process that uses the thermal energy to machine electrically conductive part. Despite a lot of research has been conducted for decades, the best aspect ratio of the micro hole using micro-EDM has not been over 30, yet. In the present study, new fabrication scheme was introduced to increase the aspect ratio of micro hole dramatically. Micro holes with less than 10 aspect ratio were aligned and welded together to manufacture a micro hole with extreme aspect ratio. Alignment of the micro hole with over 380 aspect ratio was conducted by the home-made apparatus installed with microscope and laser beam. The micro hole with extreme aspect ratio was used to shape pencil beam from proton beam generated from MC-50 cyclotron. The pencil beam was utilized to machine test specimen whose result was compared with GEANT4 computer simulation. It was shown that the experimental and simulation result were closer as the aspect ratio of the micro hole was bigger.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1976.06a
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• pp.89.1-89
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• 1976

The foreign bodies in the food passage and airway are very important in the Otolaryngological field, and practically there are many reports of them. Also the kinds of these foreign bodies are variable and almost all things around us are likely to be foreign bodies by momentary mistake. According to kinds and locations, clinicians often make mistakes in diagnosis with other physical examination except endoscopy, so foreign body was impacted for a long time and sometimes it may bring a grave outcome to the patient. The authors have recently experienced, in a 13-year-old boy, a pink-colored plastic pencil cap in the right main bronchus which was very similar to the color and shape of the bronchial lumen, and so we had some difficulty in removal of it. This is the report of clinical findings on this case along with literature review.