• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.229-248
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• 2002

The primary objective of this study is to firstly survey and analyze the working environment and actual condition, secondly know their problems, and then provide the basic data about how to improve their working conditions. The specific study items for getting the goal above is as follows: 1. How does the industrial company connect with highschool vocational education well? 2. How does the mechanical technical highschool graduate apply with industrial field? The result of study is as follows: 1. In case of employment's information and the industrial educationed cooperation, the workers who has the working history in less than 5 years takes short to find the job. National high school graduates and those who get the job through the school and the teacher changed their job at short period compared to other. 2. There was no benefit about the same major's worker at industrial field. The workers admitted that there is the exemption fo military service and the certification's allowance, only for which is related to their job. The longer the workers stay their job, the more they had the chance to get the exemption of military service. National highschool were carried out the curriculum well as planed especially for their major subjects. Whereas, the public and private highschools weren't. The seniors of their job and the coworkers are very helpful for learning the actual knowledge. The workers said that the school's curriculum and club activity weren't effective applying with their working field. 3. The study says that the important things of their job is the knowledge of their major. Those who 80% answered that the worker must improve the knowledge of their major to be a good engineer. Learning from their senior in working field was very helpful. The question above was ranked as the first. 4. The answer says that the new changed job's pay is more than the previous job. That is, the reason of leaving the job is the pay gap. The most dissatisfaction and problems in present job was the environment of working and the working condition. 5. Regarding to asking next year's plan, the answer says that keeping the job was ranked as the first. That answer means that they conservative.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.237-248
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 중국 3대 전자상거래 플랫폼의 농산물 시장 효율성을 소비자 가격 공정성 인식의 관점에서 측정하고, 비효율적 브랜드의 품질과 가격 차이를 분석하여 농산물 판매 기업이 합리적인 가격 전략을 수립할 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 본 연구에서는 전자상거래 플랫폼에서 판매되는 농산물의 특성(품질, 원산지, 맛, 안전성 수준)을 산출 지표로 하고, 제품 가격을 투입 지표로 선정하여 DEA 분석을 통해 시장의 효율성을 평가하였다. 분석 결과 효율적 브랜드의 비중은 JD몰이 가장 높고, YHD.com은 평균 시장 효율이 가장 높았으며, 동북 쌀은 3개 플랫폼에서 평균 효율성 차이가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 가격 비효율성이 여전히 전자 시장에 존재한다는 것을 보여준다. 농산물 온라인 시장의 발전을 위해서는 소비자 가격공정성에 주의하고 가격과 품질의 조화를 중시해야 한다. 이 논문의 한계점은 인터넷 시장에서 소비자 경험에 의한 입소문 마케팅의 영향력에 초점을 맞추지 않았다는 점이며, 이는 향후 연구 과제이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

"对我们而言, 成为一名负责的公民和一份成功的事业之间没有区别.....他们对今天的沃尔玛是完全一样的." Lee Scott, 沃尔玛的CEO在2005年卡崔琳娜飓风灾难之后(Esty and Winston 2006) Lee Scott的声明标志着可持续发展的一个新的时代. 作为一个被全球生产商和零售商所关注的全世界最大规模的经销商确认了他们的可持续发展的意图. 近十年来, 环保运动不断增长, 并扩展到全世界. 公司已经诞生, 产品已被创造, 学术期刊 已经展开, 政府已经承诺—所有这一切都在追求可持续发展(Peattie and Crane 2005). 虽然进展的确比一些人渴望的慢了一些, 但是很多大规模的经销商已经为环保做出了可持续发展的努力. 为了更好的理解这个运动我们同时提供高管和消费者参与的有包装的消费品产业的角度. 该研究依赖于三个潜在主题: (1)概念和证据表明,公司为很多理由进行可持续发展 (2)在有包装的消费品行业中, 可持续发展活动的数量在持续增长 (3), 因此, 必须探索可持续发展在消费者意识中起的作用. 根据这些主题, 143名大学生和101名企业高管参加了调查来评估一系列的有关可持续发展的变量包括愿意支付, 行为意图, 态度和偏好. 结果显示高层管理者相信可持续发展的三个最主要的原因是(1)盈利能力的机会; (2)以实现对环境的义务; (3)对顾客和股东负责. 大学生的三大原因: (1)对环境的责任; (2)为子孙后代负责, 和(3):一种有效的管理资源. 虽然企业高管和大学生对支持可持续发展的理由不同, 但是企业高管和消费者的报告显示了对剩下大部分的可持续发展问题的相似性. 另外, 当我们要求消费者去评估6个关键问题的重要性时(医疗保健, 经济, 教育, 犯罪, 政府支出, 和环境), 保护环境仅排在第四位(Carlson 2005). 这6个问题都被认为是重要的, 三个最重要的是(1)改善教育;(2)本地区的经济发展,以及(3)卫生保健. 为了可持续发展的持续性, 我们也将预期结果. 反映社会, 企业利益表现的新定义和执行期的延长同样被揭示出来(Ehrenfeld 2005; Hitchcock and Willard 2006). 基于文献我们发现了三个基本范畴的结果:(1)改进组成的满意度, (2)分化的机会, 以及(3)金融奖励. 在每一种分类中, 我们发现从可持续发展活动中导致11种不同结果的几个特定的结果. 我们的调查结果表明,最有可能的结果最高的前五项依序为公司的可持续发展追求的是:(1)绿色的消费者将会更令人满意;(2)公司形象会更好, (3)公司的责任将得到加强, (4)会降低能源成本;(5)产品将会更多的创新. 另外, 为更好的理解消费者的环境 "身份" 和在市场购买中愿意显示出这个 "身份" 的有趣的交集, 我们扩展了以前Experian Research(2008) 的研究. 因此,受访者分为四个不同类型的绿色消费者(行为绿色,想法绿色, 潜在绿色, 或真正褐色)来获得更好的理解绿色消费者. 我们评估这些消费者愿意从事环保行为评估三种选择. (1)购物零售商支持环保措施;(2)支付更多来保护环境, 以及(3)支付更高的税收,政府可以支持环保措施. 想法绿色消费者表示最愿意改变, 紧随其后的是行为绿色消费者, 潜在绿色消费者和褐色消费者. 这些差异都是显著的(p<.01). 结论和启示我们采用描述性研究, 旨在促进我们理解战略领域的可持续性. 确切地说, 该研究以特定的偏好, 意图, 愿意支付, 行为和态度填补了进行比较与对比的持续性的商业管理者和消费者意见的文献的空白, 对从业人员, 能获得一个战略观点. 此外, 许多结果已经说明, 受访者愿意为产品付出更多来保护环境. 其他特定的结果表明, 女性受访者始终比男性强愿意交流, 为这些产品付更多的钱, 在环保的零售商. 了解这些额外的信息, 实践者现在有了更多的特定市场, 对目标和交流他们为可持续发展所做出的努力. 虽然这项研究仅仅是最初的一步了解实践者和消费者对于可持续发展的异同, 我们的结果对实践与研究都有帮助. 未来的研究应向测试其他变量的影响关系, 以及其他特殊行业.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2007

본 연구는, 비정규 근로에 대한 차별처우의 문제를 실증적으로 분석하여, 고용형태에 따른 임금격차에 대한 객관적 사실들을 제시함으로써, 비정규 근로에 대한 논의를 보다 생산적이게 하는 데에 기여하고자 한다. 비정규 근로의 임금수준은 2005년에 정규 근로의 63%에 불과하여 37%의 임금격차가 존재한다. 그러나 이는 근로시간, 인적자본의 양, 직무의 성격, 그리고 개인의 능력 등을 전혀 고려하지 않은 것이다. 근로시간만 추가로 감안하더라도 임금격차는 29%로 감소한다. 근로자들의 인적특성, 인적자본, 사업체 규모, 노동조합 등 분석에 전통적으로 사용되는 변수들 대부분을 통제하면 임금격차는 2.7%로 급감한다. 직무까지 추가로 통제할 경우, 임금격차는 다시 2.2%로 줄어든다. 이 가운데 생산성에 의한 임금격차가, Oaxaca 방법으로 분해하면, 91%를 차지한다. 이는 차별처우의 최대치가 정규 근로 시간당 임금의 0.2%에 불과함을 의미한다. 나아가 개개인의 능력을 비롯한 미관측 이질성까지도 추가로 통제하기 위해 패널자료를 구축하고 고정효과 모형을 사용하여 추정 할 경우, 비정규 근로의 시간당 임금은 정규 근로의 경우와 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않거나 오히려 다소 높게 나타난다. 이러한 결과는 경제이론으로 쉽게 설명된다. 다른 상황이 동일하다면 근로자들은 고용이 보다 불안한 비정규 근로로 노동을 공급할 경우 이에 대한 보상으로 보다 높은 임금을 받으려 할 것이다. 기업들은 추가로 고용유연성을 확보할 경우 보다 높은 임금을 지급할 용의가 있다. 따라서 비정규 근로가 정규 근로에 비해 보다 불안한 고용과 보다 높은 임금을 가지는 균형이 성립될 수 있다. 이상의 결과는 비정규 근로 문제를 차별처우의 차원에서 접근하는 시각에 매우 회의적이며, 비정규 근로에 대한 논의의 방향을 수정할 것을 함축하고 있다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient perception of clinical nutrition service. The research was performed by using questionnaires and conducted from February 14 to March 15 at 42 hospitals (over 400 beds). 41.7% of patients experienced nutritional education and counseling. The mean score of the patients' perception on clinical nutritional service was 4.62/5.00 for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", 4.49/5.00 for "diet therapy is necessary for treatment of the disease", 4.16/5.00 for "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary", 4.13/5.00 for "nutritional consultation fee is required to apply insurance benefits", 4.12/5.00 for "one-to-one nutrition system is necessary", and 3.56/5.00 for "nutrition services I am willing to pay". The patients who had no past experience in nutritional education and counseling showed significantly higher scores for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", "one-to-one nutritional care system is necessary", and "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary" (P<0.05). The mean scores for the importance (4.26/5.00) and performance (3.88/5.00) of nutrition counseling service were significantly different (P<0.01). "Nutritional counseling is available whenever I want" had the highest gap score between performance and importance among nutrition counseling service items. The importance and performance grid showed that highly important items had high performance (doing great area) and less important items have low performance (low priority).

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2008

브로드캐스트 암호화 기법은 공개된 네트워크상에서 멀티미디어, 소프트웨어, 유료 TV 등의 디지털 정보들을 전송하는데 적용되고 있다. 사용자가 디지털 정보를 획득하기 위해서는 브로드캐스터가 키를 생성하고 분배하는 과정이 필요하며, 사용자가 탈퇴나 새로운 가입 시에 효율적인 키 갱신이 필요하게 된다. 임시적인 컨퍼런스 환경은 각 이동 디바이스들 사이에 대하여 전송이 가능하고, 잦은 위치 변화에 따라 키 정보가 유동적으 로 변하는 특성으로 인해 키 관리의 어려움이 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 임베디드 컴퓨팅 환경에 적용하여 특정한 공간에서 이동 디바이스가 이용될 때 효율적인 키 생성과 키 갱신을 하도록 제안한다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.159-185
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• 1979

The dissemination of scientific information in Society involves interactions among a number of publics and many kinds of information channels. There is a need for examining the the entire process of information dissemination for the solving many problems which scientific many problems which scientific communication is now confronted with, This paper is an attempt to identify the functions of a scientific journal as one of major inf. transfer media, to clarify the problems in performing the functions, and to synthesize various on-going efforts toward the improvement and solution of such problems. Some conclusions derived from this study are as follows; (1) a scientific journal was, is and will be the valuable primary source for the recording and controlling scientific in formation which plays a role as a main energy source in the scientific activities. (2) Traditional built-in delays involved in the communication by a scientific journal should be improved by way of some new methods and techniques such as, of establishing a publishing center, controlling vocabularies in the scientific papers, distributing pre-publication materials, etc. (3) There should be a organized special committe for scientific communication for the assuming the responsibilities of educating, planning and carrying out activities relating to scientific information. (4) To improve the function of a scientific journal as information transfer media, other informal primary media such as report, preprint, etc, and secondary media such as abstracts and indexes should be studied which will result in the clarification of unigue functions, and advantages and disadvantages of each media. as an information dissemination media. (5) Each government should pay attention to the national information system as a changing social system and should recognize the gap in speed between technological development and the change of a social system Technological development should be made a contribution to the improvement of social system.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

해상선박보험의 역사를 통하여 보면 많은 경우에, 피보험자의 상당주의의무의 결여로 인하여 보험자가 보상을 거부한 경우가 많은 것을 볼 수 있다. 또한 과거 우리나라의 해상사고를 보아도 대부분의 사고가 인적요인에 의해 발생하였음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 이러한 해상손해에 중점을 두고 보험약간과 다른 제반 규칙들을 고찰함으로써 상당주의의무의 필요성에 대해서 강조하며, 나아가 사고사례를 분석하여 상당주의의무의 이행과 그 효과에 대해서 고착하고자 한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.333-343
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to evaluate students' performance by student self-evaluation and by educators in the field respectively after an internship program, to analyze the gap between the two groups, to identify students, satisfaction and behavior intention and to suggest the direction of an internship program in the Food and Nutrition Department. The results of the survey of 133 students and 129 educators as follows: a majority of the program periods was two weeks and most students experienced an internship program once. Both students and educators evaluated highly in 'I (Students) worked faithfully as a trainee.', 'I (Students) observed the rules and cooperated with other colleagues.', 'I (Students) behaved with clear and polite words.'. Educators estimated higher than students in all items, especially in 'I (Students) prepared and planned needs for internship in advance.' (p<0.00l), 'I (Students) got on close terms with the staff and enjoyed their confidence.' (p<0.001). For details of the internship program, students were satisfied with 'professors' roles' (3.95), 'educator's abilities' (3.85), 'treatment of students' (3.84) but dissatisfied with 'pay to students' (1.94). Students perceived that an internship program was helpful to understand their major (4.37) and to decide upon their job (4.17). They had an intention to participate in another internship program (4.63) and to recommend to their juniors to participate in a program (4.73). Students had a diversity of opinions for program periods and most wanted to participate two times in summer or winter vacation of junior. Therefore an internship program needs curriculum in the food and nutrition department and the continuous and active cooperation between university and institutions would lead to an effective and efficient internship program.