• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.116-118
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• 2002

It has been noted that Monte Carlo simulations are the most accurate method to calculate dose distributions in any material and geometry. Monte Carlo transport algorithms determine the absorbed dose by following the path of representative particles as they travel through the medium. Accurate Monte Carlo dose calculations rely on detailed modeling of the radiation source. We modeled the effects of beam modifiers such as collimators, blocks, wedges, etc. of our accelerator, Varian Clinac 600C/D to ensure accurate representation of the radiation source using the EGSnrc based BEAM code. These were used in the EGSnrc based DOSXYZ code for the simulation of particles transport through a voxel based Cartesian coordinate system. Because Monte Carlo methods use particle-by-particle methods to simulate a radiation transport, more particle histories yield the better representation of the actual dose. But the prohibitively long time required to get high resolution and accuracy calculations has prevented the use of Monte Carlo methods in the actual clinical spots. Our ultimate aim is to develop a Monte Carlo dose calculation system designed specifically for radiation therapy planning, which is distinguished from current dose calculation methods. The purpose of this study in the present phase was to get dose calculation results corresponding to measurements within practical time limit. We used parallel processing and some variance reduction techniques, therefore reduced the computational time, preserving a good agreement between calculations of depth dose distributions and measurements within 5% deviations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.2748-2755
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• 2024

This paper presents two new methods for variance reduction for shielding calculation in Monte Carlo radiation transport. One method is CADIS-NEE, which combines Consistent Adjoint Driven Importance Sampling (CADIS) and next-event estimator (NEE) methods to increase the calculation efficiency of tallies at points. The other is CADIS-deterministic transport (DXTRAN), which combines CADIS and DXTRAN to obtain higher performance than using CADIS and DXTRAN separately. The combination processes are derived and implemented in the hybrid Monte-Carlo-Deterministic particle-transport code NECP-MCX. Various problems are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two methods. According to the results, the two combination methods have higher efficiency than using CADIS, NEE or DXTRAN separately. In a long-distance photon-transport problem, CADIS-NEE converges faster than NEE and the figure of merit (FOM) of CADIS-NEE is 75.6 times of NEE. In a labyrinthine problem, CADIS-DXTRAN's FOM surpasses that of DXTRAN and CADIS by a factor of 45.3 and 17.7, respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to employ these two novel methods selectively in appropriate scenarios to reduce variance.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2021

In fine-particle injection processing, hard fine particles, such as silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, are injected - using high-pressure air, and a small amount of material is removed by applying an impact to the workpiece by spraying at high speeds. In this study, a two-axis stage device capable of sequence control was developed to spray various shapes, such as circles and squares, on the surface during the micro-particle jetting process to understand the surface-shape micro-particle-processing characteristics. In the experimental device, two stepper motors were used for the linear movement of the two degree-of-freedom mechanism. The signal output from the microcontroller is - converted into a signal with a current sufficient to drive the stepper motor. The stepper motor rotates precisely in synchronization with the pulse-signal input from the outside, eliminating the need for a separate rotation-angle sensor. The major factors of the processing conditions are fine particles (silicon carbide, aluminum oxide), injection pressure, nozzle diameter, feed rate, and number of injection cycles. They were identified using the ANOVA technique on the design of the experimental method. Based on this, the surface roughness of the spraying surface, surface depth of the spraying surface, and radius of the corner of the spraying surface were measured, and depending on the characteristics, the required spraying conditions were studied.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 1999

The present work is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between dendrite arm spacing and average cooling rate in gasatomized $Al_{87.3}misch$ $metal_{8.3}Ni_{4.4}$ powder by means of the following methods. One is calculation of heat transfer coefficient and average cooling rate, which are derived from estimated particle velocity during gas-atomization. The other is measurement of secondary dendrite arm spacing, which are observed on the particle surface. Then, we make experimental equation for this relationship in case of permanent mold casting and compare it with similar equation in case of rapidly solidified powder. Both average cooling rates and solidification rates are considered to represent the variance of dendrite arm spacings in two types soidification route. Even though there is a considerable difference in each average cooling rate, the dendrite arm spacing values are similar in two cases; particle diameter, $100\;{\mu}m$, and casting width, 2.05 mm. It is because that each solidification route has similar solidification rate.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2016

Most of the indoor positioning algorithms based on magnetic data mainly focus on reducing the accumulated error of the odometry data, such as signals produced by the inertial sensors. However, in most cases such as positioning by using smartphones in the indoor environment, those approaches seem unfeasible due to the absence of the inertial sensors. Thus, in this paper, we try to study a positioning algorithm exclusively based on the magnetic data. We refer to some thinking from the steps of Particle Filter and conduct an experiment to verify the application of the new algorithm. Besides, we use the variance of the result of the previous step to decrease the area to be matched in the next step, intending to improve the accuracy of the results. The result of the experiment shows that the new algorithm has a high probability to match with accuracy less than 2 meters in a 24 meters by 2.6 meters corridor.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.115-123
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• 1989

본(本) 논문(論文)은 과거(過去) 13년간(年間)(1974~1986) 주택공사(住宅公社)가 전국(全國) 74개(個) 도시(都市), 176개(個) 주택단지(住宅團地)에서 실시(實施)한 제반토질시험결과(諸般土質試驗結果)를 통일분류법(統一分類法)에 의(依)한 흙의 종류별(種類別), 토질정수(土質定數)의 분산(分散)의 정도(程度)를 확률적(確率的)으로 분석(分析)한 것이다. 이 논문(論文)에서 분석(分析)한 토질정수(土質定數)는 자연함수비(自然含水比), 토립자(土粒子)의 비중(比重), 아터버그 한계(限界), 표준매입시험치(標準買入試驗値), 일축압축강도(一軸壓縮强度), 압축지수(壓縮指數) 그리고 강도정수(强度定數) 등(等)이다. 연구분석(硏究分析)한 결과(結果), 물리적(物理的) 저성질(藷性質)은 통계변수(統計變數)인 변동계수(變動係數)를 기준으로 하여 비교(比較)할때 변동(變動)의 범위(範圍)가 비교적(比較的) 적은 반면(反面)에, 강도정수(强度定數)는 40%, 압축지수(壓縮指數)는 32% 정도(程度)의 변동계수(變動係數)를 가지며, 비중(比重)은 사질도(砂質土)에서 0.87-2.49%, 점성토(粘性土)에서 0.91-5.03%로 분산(分散)의 정도(程度)가 매우 작음을 확인(確認)하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1985

Ferrography 방법은 유체중 마모입자를 Substrate glass 위에 Van der Waals 힘에 의하여 분산교착 시키므로써 윤활 Systems에서의 기계요소들의 동특성적 마모진행과정및 mechanism의 정성적및 정량적인 분석을 가능케 한다. 정성적 방법으로는 광학현미경으로부터 SEM, X-Ray Emissiom, EDAX등의 분석방법이 적용되고 있으나, 정량적으로는 마모입자의 크기별 분포함수에 따른 Variance, Kurtosis, Skewness와 같은 인자함수의 변이가 마모진행 과정과 진행될 마모형태기구의 예측인자로서 연구되고 있다. 수치적 Model로 마모진행기구를 예측할 경우 third moment의 Skewness 가 Size 및 number분포에 따라 예민하게 반응을 나타내는 결과를 보이고 있다. 이러한 정량분석을 위하여는 실험 Sample에 따라서, 즉 오염도에 따른 Sample희석이 따르는데, 이러한 Sample 희석이 정량적 분포에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구결과는 아직 없다. 따라서 본연구에는 용제희석이 정량적 마모입자 분포에 미치는 영향을 image analyser인 Quantimat 720을 이용하여 검토하였으며 전영역의 희석률에 적용될 수 있는 Standard Calibration function에 따른 수학적 model을 유도하였다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2011

The objective of the study was to investigate the main factors that contribute the variation of $PM_{10}$ concentration of Seoul and to quantify their effects using generalized additive model (GAM). The analysis was performed with 3 year air pollution data (2004~2006) measured at 27 urban sites and 7 roadside sites in Seoul, a background site in Gangwha and a rural site in Pocheon. The diurnal variation of urban $PM_{10}$ concentrations of Seoul showed a typical bimodal pattern with the same peak times as that of roadside, and the maximum difference of $PM_{10}$ level between urban and roadside was about $14{\mu}g/m^{3}$ at 10 in the morning. The wind direction was found to be a major factor that affects $PM_{10}$ level in all investigated areas. The overall $PM_{10}$ level was reduced when air came from east, but background $PM_{10}$ level in Gangwha was rather higher than the urban $PM_{10}$ level in Seoul, indicating that the $PM_{10}$ level in Gangwha is considerably influenced by that in Seoul metropolitan area. When hourly variations of $PM_{10}$ were analyzed using GAM, wind direction and speed explained about 34% of the variance in the model where the variables were added as a 2-dimensional smoothing function. In addition, other variables, such as diurnal variation, difference of concentrations between roadside and urban area, precipitation, month, and the regression slope of a plot of carbon monooxide versus $PM_{10}$, were found to be major explanatory variables, explaining about 64% of total variance of hourly variations of $PM_{10}$ in Seoul.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.783-790
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• 1998

용융점 및 물리.화학적 특성이 $\textrm{UO}_{2}$와 비슷한 yttria-stabilized-zirconia ($\textrm{ZrO}_{2}$-$\textrm{Y}_{2}\textrm{O}_{3}$)분말을 유도플라즈마(induction plasma)로 용융 침적시켜 원자력발전용 핵연료펠렛 제조공정에 응용하고자 하였다. 분말의 용융정도는 플라즈마동력 및 분말의 크기에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 쉬스가스 조성, 분말분사관 위치, 입자크기 및 분사거리 등을 최적화 하여 Ar/$\textrm{H}_{2}$유량120/20$\ell$/min, 플리즈마 동력 80KW, 분사관의위치 8cm , 챔버압력 200Torr, 분사거리 18cm에서 이론밀도의 97.91%, 침적속도 20mm/min의 최적조건을 도출하였다. 침적시험에서 도출된 최적조건으로 펠렛몰더에서 제조한 펠렛은 96.5%의 밀도를 나타내었으며, 균일도 및 외곤도 우수하여 신기술에 의한 핵연료의 제조가능성을 확인하였다. 고밀도 침적에 영향을 미치는 각 변수들의 영향과 이들 변수들의 상호영향은 ANOVA(Analysis of Variance)을 이용하여 분석하였다.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2020

The detection and recognition of abnormal driving becomes crucial for achieving safety in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper presents a feature extraction method based on spectral data to train a neural network model for driving behavior recognition. The proposed method uses a two stage signal processing approach to derive time-saving and efficient feature vectors. For the first stage, the feature vector set is obtained by calculating variances from each frequency bin containing the power spectrum data. The feature set is further reduced in the second stage where an intersection method is used to select more significant features that are finally applied for training a neural network model. A stream of live signals are fed to the trained model which recognizes the abnormal driving behaviors. The driving behaviors considered in this study are weaving, sudden braking and normal driving. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing with existing methods, which are Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN). The experiments show that the proposed approach achieves satisfactory results with less computational complexity.