• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-103
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• 2014

The Quaternary faults are extensively observed along major inherited fault zones (i.e. Yangsan Fault System, Ulsan Fault, Yeonil Tectonic Line, Ocheon Fault System) in SE Korea. Their geometry and kinematics provide a very useful piece of information about the Quaternary crustal deformation and stress field in and around Korean Peninsula. Using magnetic fabrics (AMS), we attempted to determine the slip senses of Jinti, Mohwa, Suseongji2, and Wangsan faults and then interpreted the fabric development process of fault gouge and the characteristics of stress field during the Quaternary. All the magnetic fabrics of the faults, except the Wangsan Fault, consistently indicate a dominant reverse-slip sense with weak strike-slip component. Most of the oblate fabrics are nearly parallel to the fault surface and the anisotropy degrees generally increase in proportion to the oblatenesses. These results suggest that the fabrics of the fault gouges resulted from a progressive deformation due to continuous simple shear during the last reactivation stage as reverse faulting. It is also interpreted that the pre-existing fabrics were overwhelmed and obliterated by the re-activated faulting. Paleostress field calculated from the fault slip data indicates an ENE-WNW compressive stress, which is in accord with those determined from previous fault tectonic analysis, focal mechanism solution, and hydraulic fracturing test in and around Korean Peninsula.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Purpose : Recent development of diffusion tensor imaging enables the evaluation of the microstructural characteristics of the brain white matter. However, optimal imaging parameters for diffusion tensor imaging, particularly concerning the number of diffusion gradient direction, have not been studied thoroughly yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the number of diffusion gradient direction on the fiber tracking of the white matter. Materials and methods : 13 healthy volunteers (ten men and three women, mean age 30 years, age range 23-37 years) were included in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed with different numbers of diffusion gradient direction as 6, 15, and 32, keeping the other imaging parameters constant. The imaging field ranged from 1 cm below the pons to 2-3 cm above the lateral ventricle, parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. FA (fractional anisotropy) maps were created via image postprocessing, and then FA and its standard deviation were calculated in the genu and the splenium of the corpus callosum on each of FA maps. Fiber tracking of the corticospinal tract in the brain was performed and the number of the reconstructed fibers of the tract was measured. FA, standard deviation of FA and the number of the reconstructed fibers were compared statistically between the different diffusion gradient directions. Results : FA is not statistically significantly different between the different diffusion gradient directions. By increasing the number of diffusion gradient direction, standard deviation of FA decreased significantly, and the number of the reconstructed fibers increased significantly. Conclusion : The higher number of diffusion gradient direction provided better quality of fiber tracking.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

Current analysis method drives an irrationality a road, signal operation and cause confusion of road such as weaving, bottleneck being not including main traffic flow in analysis subject. Therefore, this research develops analysis method of simple grade facilities to grasp target equipment relationship effect as virtue process to grasp effect of simple grade facilities in city and there is the purpose to apply optimum space of analysis intersection. In this paper, get at effect of simple grade facilities in urban area, as well as, develop new analysis method of simple grade facilities and adapt optimal interval of intersection point. New method of this paper reasonably estimated to optimal interval of the traffic flow(diverge area, merge area). As research result, analysis method to present in this research could clarify vague part of existing analysis method and presume reasonable result. Optimal interval of diverge and merge area with facilities was appeared more then 65m from the main line and more then 45m from the frontage road. Meaning of this paper as follow. First, the effect of simple grade facilities estimate. as consider optimal interval of simple grade facilities in urban can plan efficiently operation planning of road and signal in connection with nearby intersection. Second, new method then previous methods. planner of transportation easily access due to run parallel with existing method. Third, new method is contained through traffic volumes. the existing method did not reflect one. and this new method reduce error to the minimum. when analysis of intersection and link. Fourth, using the new method propose improvement plan with road operation and signal operation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.97-118
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• 2004

A comparative anatomical and ultrastructural study was undertaken to investigare on the leaf epidermis by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the basis of results from this study, it was grasped major characters of taxa and variation range of each character on the level of species, section and subgenus respectively. The shape of leaf epidermal cell was oblong to linear, which was varied by each taxon. Epidermal cell of taxa in sects. Microscordum, Anguinum, and Rhizirideum, which had wide leaf blade, oblong instead of linear shape in others examined taxa in this study. The leaf of taxa in sect. Anguinum was hypostomatic, while the rest of taxa had amphistomatic leaf. This was also one of characters which could discriminate taxa of sect. Anguinum from others. The guard cell in investigated taxa had not so much variation in the respect of its size. The number of stomata per unit area reduced by increasing size of epidermal cell, the fewest number of stomata per unit area was found in the taxa of sect. Anguinum. The type of stomatal apparatus of observed all taxa was anomocytic. It was found to know ultrastructural variation in the epidermal cell, like as patterns of sculpture on the cell wall, and features of deposition of wax by SEM. There were no depositions of wax in the taxa of sect. Microscordum and Anguinum, but fine thread-like structures which were parallel or cross to axis was found on the surface of epidermal cell respectively. The patterns of sculpture on the cell were prominent straight in sects. Recticulato-bulbosa and Rhizirideum, discontinuous line in the sect. Oreiprason. The epicuticular wax had been deposited on the surface of its epidermal cell in all taxa except sects. Microscordum and Anguinum.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.79-91
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• 1971

A boat seine has been used as a major fishing gear for catching anchovy (Engraulis japonica) in the southern coastal waters of Korea since 1920s. The original seine was operated by two rowing boats as the haul seine. The rowing boats were, in recent, replaced by powered boats. The net size was enlarged by more than three times the original nit as they began to by operated in the deeper waters of approximately sixty meters. However, there are many problems in the efficiency of the fishing gear to be improved. The authors studied on the hydrodynamic resistance and performance of the boat seine net of the 1/10 scale model in tow. The results are summaried as follows. 1. The hydrodynamic resistance converted from model experiment into the full scale is: $$R_1=30,000\;v^{1.2}\;(0.2{\leqq}v{\leqq}1.0)$$ $$R_2=16,000\;v^2\;(0.2{\leqq}v{\leqq}0.6)$$ where $R_1$ and $R_2$ denote the resistance of whole gear and of bag net in kg respectively, and v the speed of flow in m/sec. 2. In the extension wing, approximately seventy percent of the length of the ground rope from the towing end to the inside-wing slopes down from sea level toward the sea bottom, while the thirty percent of the inside of it remains parallel with th: 5:a level. The performance is regarded to b: inefficient for driving fish shoal into the inside-wing, especially for the shoal diving suddenly. 3. At the towing speed higher than 0.2 m/sec, the trailing edge of the inside-wing is blown backward beyond the seaming line connecting the inside-wing and the mouth of the bag net. It is regarded as an unreasonable performance to drive the fish shoal smoothly into the bag net. 4. At the towing speed higher than 0.2 m/sec, the posterior end of the lower bosom is lifted up above the level of the ground rope of the inside-wing. It is considered that the fish shoal diving suddenly can escape through the discrepancy between the lower bosom and the sea bottom, even if the ground rope of the inside-wing sweeps the sea bottom. 5. The angle of inclination of the upper bosom is estimated as $35\~40^{\circ}$. It seems that the inclination is too steep to drive smoothly the fish shoal diving toward the sea bottom into the bag net. 6. In structure, circumference of the posterior section of the bag net is wider by 1.3 times that of the anterior section. Actually in towing at a speed higher than 0.2m/sec, however, the circumference of the posterior section becomes smaller than that of the anterior section. It is recommended to be designed in a long cylindrical form.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.37
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• pp.127-155
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• 2018

This paper considers the structure and meaning of the folktale accompaniment of the sound of UlsanSoeburisoree. The review process examined the meaning of each structure of the UlsanSoeburisoree in the preparation process while preparing the main elements of the structural features along with the historical background of the structure. UlsanSoeburisoree is Poongcheol ritual ceremony which means prayer ceremony for the production of iron. The sound of UlsanSoeburisoree is 1-Gilnori 2-Gosa 3-The sound of blowing smelting process 4-The sound of process of iron smelting 5-The sound of tabooline 6-The sound of blowing smelting process 7-The sound of blowing matches 8-The After-party. This structure is in line with the structure of folk play called Gilnory-Gosa-Performance-After-party. This is similar to the basic structure of folk beliefs Cheongsin(請神)-Osin(娛神)-Songsin(送神). Thus, the sound of UlsanSoeburisoree was formulated in a sequential parallel structure. The sound of UlsanSoeburisoree resemble the sacrifice of heaven ceremony since the time of the SamHan dynasty. The sound of the birth of life by physical sacrifice also plays the role of the song of creation of new life. The sound of UlsanSoeburisoree can be seen not only in Korea 's folk culture but also in folk culture of GyeongnamDo area. There are many festivals to pray for the abundance of life for UlsanSoeburisoree. Soil plays an absolute role in the process of producing iron. For those who soak it, the earth is a religious object. Among the folk tales handed down in the Yeongnam area, there are a lot of performances that are passed down through the blending of the people 's affection to overcome the harshness of life. In the case of the sound of UlsanSoeburisoree, it can be said that it was made and mixed with the wind that wanted to go beyond the harshness of life and the spirit of art.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.104-121
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• 2017

The present study attempted to produce the floor plan of the surroundings near Geumcheongyo Bridge in Changdeokgung Palace of the Late Joseon Period through the use of rubber sheeting transformation based on the drawing principles of "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)". First, the study compared the actual sizes of the major buildings that have existed since the production of "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)" with the sizes depicted in the picture to reveal that the front elevation of the buildings was produced by reducing it by approximately 1/200. However, the study could not confirm the same production proportions for the side elevation. Only the lengths of the side elevation were depicted at around half of the actual proportions, and as the diagonal line angles were found to be at an average of $39^{\circ}$, the study confirmed they were drawn in a manner similar to cabinet projection. Second, the study created an obliquely projected floor plan by inversely shadowing the drawing principles of "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)" and produced a floor plan of the surroundings near Geumcheongyo Bridge in Changdeokgung Palace through the use of rubber sheeting transformation. Projective transformation was confirmed as most suitable during the transformation, and with standard error of 2.1208m, the relatively high accuracy of the transformation shows that the production of a floor plan for "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)" is significant. Furthermore, it implies the possibility of producing floor plans for various documentary paintings produced using the paralleled oblique drawing method in addition to "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)". Third, the study evaluated the accuracy of the spatial information provided by the produced floor plan by comparing the three items of Geumcheongyo Bridge location, Geumcheongyo Bridge and Jinseonmun Gate arrangement, and Geumcheon stone embankment location. The results confirmed the possibility of utilizing the floor plan as a useful tool which helps understand the appearance of the surroundings at the time of "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)" production because it is parallel to the excavation results of the Geumcheongyo Bridge and its context. Therefore, the present study is significant in that it seeks the possibility of producing spatial information recorded in "Donggwoldo(東闕圖)" by applying rubber sheeting transformation and consequently in that it presents a new methodology for understanding the appearance of the East Palace of the Late Joseon Period.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.193-208
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• 2021

The characteristics of the microcrack lengths(①), microcrack spacings(②) and Brazilian tensile strengths(③) related to the six directions of rock cleavages(H2~R1) in Geochang granite were analyzed. First, the 18 cumulative graphs for the above three major factors representing unique characteristics of the rock cleavages were made. Through the general chart for these graphs classified into three planes and three rock cleavages, the 28 parameters on the length, spacing and Brazilian tensile strength have been determined. The results of correlation analysis among these parameters are summarized as follows. Second, the above parameters were classified into six groups(I~VI) according to the sorting order on the magnitude of parameter values among three rock cleavages and three planes. The values of parameters belonging to group I and II are in order of R(rift) < G(grain) < H(hardway) and H < G < R. The values of the 8 parameters on the length of line(os₂, 𝚫s, 𝚫L and oS^mean), the exponent(λ_L^mean and λ_S^mean), the slope(a^mean) and the anisotropy coefficient (An^mean) are in order of R < G < H and H'(hardway plane) < G'(grain plane) < R'(rift plane). Third, the noticeable differences in distribution patterns among the six types of charts for three planes and three rock cleavages are as follows. From the chart for three planes, the values of 𝚫L, 𝚫s and 𝚫σ_t, corresponding to the distance between two points where the two fitting lines meet on the X-axis, increase in the order of R' < H' < G'. In particular, the two graphs of R2 and G2 related to the length and Brazilian tensile strength are almost parallel to each other and show the distribution characteristics of hardway plane. Among the graphs related to the Brazilian tensile strength, the overall shape for hardway plane is similar to that for grain. From the chart for three rock cleavages, the slopes of the graphs related to the length increase in the order of R < G < H, while those of the graphs related to the spacing and Brazilian tensile strength decrease in the order of R < G < H. Lastly, the characteristics of variation among the six rock cleavages, the three planes and the three rock cleavages were visualized through the correlation chart among the above parameters from this study.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.34
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• pp.225-255
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• 2009

Few data on the epigraph from the Bal-Hae Dynasty have been reported so far. The present paper, based on an examination of the style of the epitaphic tombstones of Princess Jeong-Hye and Princess Jeong-Hyo, investigates the historical formation and characteristics of Balhae's epitaphic style and its influences on the posterior periods. The epitaphs from the Bal-Hae Dynasty have the following epigraphic characteristics and historical significances. First, Bal-Hae's epitaphs are similar to those from the Goguryeo Dynasty in the sense that they are angular in their form. Tombstones with angular head first appeared during the East Han period. During the Wi-Jin period, however, as tombstones were not allowed to be erected in front of the tomb, small-sized epitaphic tombstones were set up inside tombs. Typical tombstones from the Dang Dynasty had stone pole and square cover. Unlike those from the Dang and the Tong-Il Silla Dynasties, however, the epitaphs from Bal-Hae had angular head in their tombstone body. The Bal-Hae's angular headed tombstones are very likely to testify that Goguryeo's epitaphs, which features an influence from the Wi-Jin Nambuk-Jo period, in turn exerted an effect on those from the Bal-Hae Dynasty. Second, Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstones are characterized by their hexagonal head,which were modified from the then typical pentagonal head by cutting out the sharp point. The hexagonal head, which has not been found in its neighboring countries during the same historical period, is peculiar to the epitaphic tombstones from the Bal-Hae Dynasty. Third, the edge lines and ornamental figures first appeared in Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstones, as seen in those of Princess Jeong-Hye. In the fa?ade of the epitaphic tombstone, a carved line demarcates its rectangular body and trapezoidal head. Four faces of the body stonehave two parallel lines in their edges within which vignette was inscribed, and the trapezoidal head part was ornamented with flower figures. Fourth, Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstone had an extensive influence on the posterior countries in its neighborhood. The epitaphic tombstones in the Bal-Hae style are very often found in those of the Goryeo Dynasty and the Yo Dynasty which were greatly influenced from Bal-Hae. The vestiges of Bal-Hae's epitaphic style are also found in those from the Song, the Geum, and the Won Dynasties.