• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

To know the extension effect of storage temperature on the pre-rigor period of plaice, Paratichthys olivaceus muscle, the relationship between early changes after death and temperature dependency was studied. Killed plaices instantly with spiking at the brain were stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C,\;5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}$ used in studying the changes in rigor Index, ATP and its related compounds, lactate contents and K-value. The most shortest onset time of rigor-mortis and full rigor was revealed in the sample stored at $-3^{\circ}C$ among the all samples, where rigor-mortis began at 4hrs after spiking and maximum tension was attained after 28hrs. However, in case of fresh plaice muscle stored at $10^{\circ}C$, the onset of rigor-mortis and full rigor were retarded to 14hrs and 52hrs after spiking. ATP in sample stored at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ were decomposed slowly than sample at $0^{\circ}C\;-3^{\circ}C $ and within 35hrs storage. The fastest rate and the maximum content of lactate accumulation were showed in sample stored at $-3^{\circ}$ among the all samples. The correlation coefficient(r) between the rate of rigor mortis and ATP breakdown, rigor mortis and lactate accumulation, and ATP breakdown and lactate accumulation were -0.981946, 0.965044, and -0.964728, respectively. Freshness of $-3^{\circ}C$ stored samples was maintained for the longest time compared with other stored samples. The times reached around $20\%$ of K-value were 240hrs for samples stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;96hrs\;for\;0^{\circ}C\;samples,\;71hrs\;for\;5^{\circ}C\;samples,\;and\;22hrs\;for\;10^{\circ}C$ samples. Samples stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;and\;0^{\circ}C$ were showed higher temperature dependency on rate of rigor-mortis, ATP breakdown, and lactate accumulation than $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ stored samples, but those samples have a lower temperature dependency on K-value.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2009

Seasonal variation in species composition and abundance of shallow water fish from the Hakampo and Yeonpo beaches in Taean in the western coast of Korea were determined by the analysis of monthly samples collected by a beach seine from January to December, 2007. A total of 30 species, 964 individuals and 10,564.1 g of fish were collected from the Hakampo beach, and a total of 46 species, 4,447 individuals and 28,622.4 g of fish from the Yeonpo beach. The juveniles of coastal fish such as Chelon haematochelius, Paralichthys olivaceus, Repomucenus lunatus, Sebastes schlegelii and Takifugu niphobles were predominated in abundance. And the juveniles of pelagic migrants such as Konosirus punctatus, Sardinella zunasi and Engraulis japonicus were abundantly collected between summer and autumn. The fish collected were mainly composed of small-sized species and juveniles. C. haematochelius and migrant fish were young of the year, and commercially important fish such as S. schlegeli, P. olivaceus, Pleuronectes yokohamae and Hexagrammos otakii were 1 to 2 years old juveniles. It is considered that they use the shallow water as a nursery ground until they move out to the deeper water. The number of species and abundance were lower in the fine sand Hakamp beach than in the muddy sand Yeonpo beach where some Zostera marina were also found. In Yeonpo beach the adult of Gymnogobius mororanus preferred to live in the muddy shallow water and Syngnathus schlegeli living in the sea grass were also abundantly collected in spring in addition to resident fish and pelagic migrants in warm months. The resident species were more abundance in the Taean beach than in the beach located in the southern part of the west coast of Korea where the juveniles of pelagic migrants were more abundant.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan on growth and immune responses in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus fed the white fish meal based diets for 6 weeks. Five experimental diets supplemented with ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan at 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 % (Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025},\;G_{0.05}\;and\;G_{0.1}$, respectively) of diet on a dry-matter basis. Five experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy $g^{-1}$. Fish averaging $3.2{\pm}0.1\;g\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed in each aquarium as triplicate groups of 15 fish. Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %), and feed efficiency (FE, %) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were found significantly higher than those of fish fed Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}\;and\;G_{0.05}$ diets (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the fish fed control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}$. Chemiluminescent responses (CL) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets. Serum lysozyme activities of fish fed $G_{0.05}$ and $G_{0.1}$ diets were higher than those of fish fed control, $G_{0.025}$ and $G_{0.05}$ diets. Fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet showed a significantly lower cumulative mortality than did fish fed control diet throughout the challenge test (P<0.05). These results suggested that based on growth rate, feed efficiency, non-specific immunity and protection against microbial infections the optimum dietary ${\beta}-1,3$ gulcan could be greater than 0.05% but less than 1.0% in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys oilvaceus.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1991

Underground sea water is widely utilized for land based aquaculture in Cheju province, Korea nowadays. Salinity of this water($20{\~}30$ ppt) is slightly lower than natural sea water but because of its good water quality and temperature which is maintained at $16{\~}18^{\circ}C$ all year-round, many fish farmers are using this water for finfish culture. To evaluate the possibility of utilizing underground sea water for the seed production of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaeceus, hatching rate of fertilized eggs, survival rate of hatched larvae, and growth rate of the juveniles were tested with various salinity levels ranged from 14.1 ppt to 40.2 ppt. The salinity ranges which showed over $70{\%}$ survival rate for fertilized eggs to hatchout were 33.7 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, for hatched larvae to 2-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, from 10-day-old to 12-day-old were 27.2 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, and from 45-day-old to 47-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt. Two hundred day old fingerlings showed no mortality when exposured to 7.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt for 2 days. All fish died within 3 days when 45-day-old juveniles were transferred directly from normal sea water to 14.1 ppt sea water. However, they were all survived when transferred first to 20.6 ppt for 3 days then to 14.1 ppt sea water. The highest growth rates of fingerlings reared at 4 different salinities (33.7, 27.0, 31.0, or 15 ppt) were obtained at the 27 ppt group followed by 33.7, 21.0, 15 ppt respectively. The relationship between the days of rearing (X) and the total length of the fingerlings were as follows. $33.7\%$ group : Y=8.8109 + 0.1104X(r=0.999) $27.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.6797 + 0.1208X(r=0.997) $21.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4081 + 0.1052X(r=0.990) $15.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4309+ 0.0995X(r=0.990)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2000

The nitrogenous compounds in the muscle extracts of cultured and wild olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous, were analyzed. The analyzed coumpounds were extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, ATP and its related ompounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds. The distribution pattern of these compounds in cultured and wild fish was found to be very similar. Although the ATP and its related compounds and creatine in the muscle of cultured fish were slightly abundant than those in the muscle of wild one, the extractive nitrogen, total free amino acid, oligopeptides, and TMAO were found to be slightly rich in the muscle of wild fish than those in the muscle of cultrued one. The moisture content of cultured fish was relatively lower but the protein and fat contents of cultured one were higher than those of wild fish. However the differences in the proximate composition, extractive nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds between two fishes were not significantly different.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

The cDNA sequence of the Japanese flounder (Paralychthys olivaceus) IgD has been previously reported (GenBank accession no. AB052658) and this was followed by the detection of IgD mRNA expression in some flounder organ tissues. However, it has not been determined whether the flounder IgD gene is virtually expressed into IgD protein. To characterize the flounder immunoglobulins utilized in elucidating the mechanism, evolution and diversity of the flounder immune system, antibodies specific to IgD and IgM were necessary. In the present study, partial flounder recombinant IgD (rIgD), IgM (rIgM) and the conserved regions of IgD and IgM (rCIg) were produced by cloning the cDNA sequence using isotype specific primers which were designed to produce unique fragments of IgD and IgM specific amino acid sequences. The production of recombinant Igs was ascertained by SDS-gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis using anti-T7$\cdot}$Taq antibody. The produced recombinant Igs were purified using affinity columns, and used as immunogens. Antibodies specific to the isotype of flounder Igs were generated by immunizing rabbits with rfIgs and the antibodies produced were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Specificities of the generated antibodies were evaluated by testing cross-reactivity between recombinant IgM and IgD. By ELISA, rabbit antibodies against the rfIgD fragment (anti-rfIgD) failed to recognize any kind of flounder serum Igs, whereas respective antibodies against rfCIg (anti-rfCIg) and rfIgM fragments (anti-rfIgM) reacted with serum Igs. Likewise, in immunoblot assays, though anti-rfIgD did not, both anti-rfCIg and anti-rfIgM bound with the ~85 kd flounder IgM heavy chain. By flow cytometry analysis, anti-rfCIg, anti-rfIgD and anti-rfIgM reacted with 6%, 3% and 6.5% of cells, respectively, suggesting that flounder IgD is not secreted in serum but expressed on flounder B-like cell surfaces as in mammals. Antibodies produced against recombinant flounder Igs could be used to develop sandwich assay systems for detecting flounder Igs and for further investigating the flounder immune system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.947-959
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• 2015

Variations in the species composition, biomass and size distribution of fisheries resources in the Uljin marine ranching area were investigated using trammel nets at two stations (artificial reef and natural rocky area) from 2009 to 2010. During the survey, a total of 74 species were sampled with a mean density of 132 ind./net and mean biomass of 21.56 kg/net. In the natural rocky area, a total of 45 species were sampled at a mean density of 202 ind./net and mean biomass of 28.81 kg/net, while in the artificial reef area, samples included a total of 56 species, with means of 62 ind./net and 14.30 kg/net. The dominant species, comprising over 3% of the total number of individuals, were Suberites ficus (30.8%), Ovalipes punctatus (19.2%), Paralichthys olivaceus (11.7%), Pleuronectes herzensteini (4.7%), Kareius bicoloratus (3.5%), Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (3.5%) and Eopsetta grigorjewi (3.0%). The dominant species, in terms of biomass, comprising over 5% of the total biomass, were P. olivaceus (22.1%), S. ficus (18.7%), O. punctatus (7.2%), Hexagrammos otakii (6.6%), P. yokohamae (5.7%), K. bicoloratus and P. herzensteini (5.3%). A cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity of fourth root transformed data for number of species and individuals, was divided into two groups: the artificial reef area (group A) and the natural rocky area (group B).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.527-532
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• 2010

A thiazolidinedione derivative, TD49 with the highly selective algicide to red tide was newly synthesized and its acute toxicity was examined in order to evaluate the effect on aquatic ecosystems of coast. Major three species having important role in the food chain of marine ecosystem, such as Skeletonema costatum of microalgae, Daphnia magna of crustacea, Paralichthys olivaceus of flatfish fingerling were employed for the acute toxicity assessment. $EC_50$ or $LC_50$ as the assessment criterion was investigated to each specie, and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) from most sensitive specie to toxicity of TD49 were further calculated. $EC_50$ of S. costatum in 96-hour, $EC_50$ of D. magna in 48-hour, and $LC_50$ of P. olivaceus in 72-hour for TD49 were $0.34\;{\mu}M$, $0.68\;{\mu}M$, and $0.58\;{\mu}M$, respectively. NOEC from the results of S. costatum was estimated to be $0.20\;{\mu}M$ and PNEC was estimated as 3.40 nM by applying factor value of 100 to $EC_50$ $0.34\;{\mu}M$ of S. costatum. In addition, it was revealed that Solutol used as the dispersing agent of TD49 had very little toxic influence under the concentration range of $0{\sim}0.4\;{\mu}M$ used in TD49 toxicity experiment. Although the estimated concentration of TD49 that will be sprayed onto the coastal field for the algicide is higher than NOEC value, it is considered that the spraying concentration would not be a considerable problem due to a dilution effect by tide at the opened coast.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2006

The effects of mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, hematology and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated. Fish were fed the Phellinus linteus with Coriolus militaris versicolor mixed mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, Phellinus linteus mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet and Coriolus militaris tmycelium cultural extract supplemented diet a commercial diet for 12 week. The body weight and length gain from the fish fed on daily the phellinus with coriolus versicolor mixed mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, phellinus linteus mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet and Coriolus versicolor mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet of each mycelium cultural extract were higher than the control and the Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GPT) were of lower than the control. The relative precent survival rate (RPS) after an artificial challenge with $7{\times}10^5\;CFU$ of Vibrio anguillarum per fish was higher than the control.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.412-418
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• 2001

The effects of dietary $\beta$-glucan administration on non-specific immune parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, (1.0 g and 68.7 g of body weight) and flounder, Paralichthys olivcaces (12.1 g and 54.0 g of body weight) were evaluated. All fishes were fed an experimental diet supplemented with $\beta$-glucan at $0.1\%$ per kg diet for 5 weeks. A week intermission with basal diet occurred between first 2 weeks and second 2 weeks of $\beta$-glucan administration, The changes in the numbers of peripheral neutrophils and macrophages were counted under light microscopy and serum lysozyme activity was also analysed at a week of interval during the experiment. Phagocytic activities of leucocytes from the swimm bladder of carp and the peritonium of flounder were measured 5 weeks after feeding. The oral adminisration of $\beta$-glucan induced significant reduction in mortality after an artificial challenge with $1\times10^6$ cells of Aeromonas hydrophila in larger carp and $1\times10^5$ cells of Edwardsiella tarda in larger flounder but did not in other groups. The numbers of peripheral macrophages and neutrophils, phagocytic acitivies of leucocytes, and the activity of serum lysozyme were greatly increased in the fish fed a $\beta$-glucan supplemented diet. These suggest that $\beta$-glucan administration by oral route can enhance leucocyte phagocytic activity, serum lysozymal activity, and survival rate against artificial infections depending on the infected fish size and challenged bacterial concentration.