• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

This paper presents investigations on 60 glass beads excavated from floorless tombs of Eunpyeong Newtown site to figure out composition and lead isotope ratio by SEM-EDS and TIMS, which show the difference between their compositions and Pb provenance of lead glass. The results of the composition analysis are that excavated glass are mainly divided into Potash glass($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$) and Potash-lead glass($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$) and the samples excavated from III-3 floorless tombs No.1005 are presumed not glass but Quartz. The transparent 9 lead glasses excavated from II-3 floorless tomb No.101 and III-3 floorless tomb No.908 seem to be manufactured by the same raw material at same site because the concentration of their compositions are well accorded with each other and deviations of them are very limited. As a result of principal component analysis(PCA), glass beads excavated are largely assort to two groups, Potash glass and Potash lead glass as well. That is, glass beads excavated from Eunpyeoung Newtown sites are quite different two types of main composition. In addition, the results of Pb provenance analysis used in lead glass confirm that most lead glass are significantly correlated with galena of northern China.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2018

This report does studied for making the method of conserving bracket murals in Daeungjeon of Jikjisa Temple, through the scientific way. Results of evaluated the conservation status at the braket mural paintings, most serious damage is structural damage like cracks, breakage, and delamination. After optical investigation, a characteristic point wasn't found such as underdrawing or traces of a coat of paint. The ultrasonic examination speed by each wall painting was measured from about 195.8 m/s to 392.7 m/s, according to the location of the surface, and it was able to compare the surface properties according to the location. In Infrared-thermal image measurement shows that wall layer separation and paint layer delamination are closely detected, therefore it was able to judge of damage on the objective way. Material analysis revealed that the walls were made by sand and weathering soil. The wall layer combined sand with less than fine sand size by nearly 5:5, and the finishing layer was found to have mixed medium sand and fine sand at approximately 6:4 rates. However, In case of finishing layer, mixing ratios of sizes less than very fine sand were found to be significantly lower than wall. Therefore, it is estimated that the plysical damage such as the separation between the layers of the walls created in the braket mural paintings, is continuously caused by changes in the internal stresses and volume ratio caused by the density differences between the wall and the finishing layers.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.24
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• pp.37-54
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• 2020

This paper presents an archaeological interpretation of the results of conservation treatment and scientific analysis of the ancient Chinese bronze coin known as Huo Quan(貨泉) coins excavated from Tomb No. 4 at the Madeung Archaeological Site in Heukcheon-ri, Haenam. Huo Quan coins were issued in China by Wang Mang(王莽) when he founded the short-lived Xin(新) Dynasty and were used in the Samhan(三韓) period in Korea. A total of thirteen Huo Quan coins were excavated from the Madeung Archeological Site with some coins fused to each other. They were classified as clusters A, B, and C. On a coin from the B cluster the classical Chinese characters "貨泉" are visible to the naked eye, but no characters are visually identifiable in the other coins. For conservation treatment, foreign substances attached to the surfaces of the coins were removed, weak materials were reinforced with protective coatings, and fragments were reattached to the main bodies of the coins. Next, Nano CT scanning was conducted to identify the exact number of coins within the clusters and examine the surface condition of the coins. It revealed the inscription "貨泉" on twelve out of thirteen coins. In addition to these coins excavated from Heukcheon-ri, a number of coins were excavated from a tomb in Bokryong-dong, Gwangju. This necessitates an investigation into the possible development of a monetary economy in this region.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.153-165
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• 2019

This paper analyzes the priorities of introducing agricultural environmental conservation practices for the successful introduction of agricultural environmental conservation programs and promotes customized agricultural environment conservation practices packages suitable for the local environment. Agricultural environmental conservation practice consists of three fields: soil, water, and air, nine sub-fields, and 30 practice skills. Using the advantages of AHP and BWS appropriately for priority analysis, three areas and nine sub-fields are measured using AHP techniques, and the practical activities of each fields are measured by priorities using BWS techniques to enhance the differentiation and completeness of research. In addition, the criteria for evaluating priorities of practical activities used 'Environmental effectiveness' and 'Technical feasibility'. As a result of the priority evaluation, the 'Soil testing and reduction of fertilizer and livestock manure application' activities were evaluated as having the highest priority. Based on the results of the priorities for these practical activities, examples of customized practical activity packages by farming type and environmental conditions were presented.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.25
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• pp.9-26
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• 2021

This paper describes the production methods that were originally used for an arrow bundle excavated from a Bronze Age residential area in Auraji in Jeongseon, Gangwon-do Province and the conservation treatment process that it subsequently underwent. An arrow conventionally consists of an arrowhead and a shaft. It is rare to excavate a shaft along with an arrowhead in a complete form since the shaft is made of organic materials. Notably, the arrow bundle from the Auraji site is of great significance as it shows traces of tangless stone arrowheads attached to charred shafts and offers an important case of the split end of a piece of a tree being inserted into an arrowhead. For a further examination of the characteristics of the arrows from Auraji, microscopic investigation was conducted and the type of wood used for the arrow shafts was examined. The sequence and direction of processing and the particle sizes of the grinding tools were revealed through the analysis of traces of grinding on the stone arrowheads. The shaft is presumed to have been made from a green length of three-year-old willow (Salix spp.). A curing agent with a high degree of waterproofing and reversibility was used during the on-site curing process according to demands of the surrounding environment, and a technique that the authors call the "Bridge" method was used for emergency collection of the relics. Once the bundle was transferred to the conservation treatment lab, reinforcing materials were carefully chosen as it was important not to damage the relics during the process of turning them for the repair of their reverse sides. For this purpose, artificial clay was selected since it can safely bear a load and has excellent physical properties. Finally, detached parts were rejoined, the relics and their surrounding materials were cleaned, and the bottom sides were finished with epoxy resin prior to the display of the relics at the museum.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

The excavation of the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb in Gyeongju has yielded diverse types of shell artifacts. Among the them, this paper investigated fragments of shell ornaments with gilt-bronze frames, the use of which has not been identified. It was revealed that the artifacts are in fact nautilus cups, which had never been found previously in excavations in Korea. A nautilus is a species marine mollusk known to be the closest to prehistoric ammonites. It has brown stripes on the surface of the shell and septa inside, and a siphuncle penetrating to the center of the septa. It is known that nautilus cups were made and used in China, but only three examples have thus far been identified. These surviving cups have metal ornaments and are dated to the Western and Eastern Jin periods of China. No nautilus cups have been found in Japan, and the shell ornaments investigated in this study were determined to be the first nautilus cups ever found in Korea. Nautilus cups are mentioned in ancient documents and literature, including in poems by the Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai and in Joseon-period documents. This paper presents the biological characteristics of nautili, cases of excavation of nautilus cups outside Korea, and findings from the basic research of the nautilus cup from Hwangnamdaechong Tomb.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.7
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2017

Campus microgrid is designed and built by considering not only power generation but also power consumption management as connected microgrid type because the main goal of the campus microgrid is to save power consumption costs. There are many functions to achieve the goal and they are mainly to use generation-based functions such as islanding operation for peak management and for emergency events. In power distribution operation, Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is applied in order to reduce power consumption. The CVR is defined as a function for load consumption reduction by voltage reduction in order to reduce peak demands and energy consumption. However, application of CVR to microgrid is difficult because the microgrid cannot control a tap of transformer in a substation and the microgrid normally is not designed with phase modifying equipment like a step-voltage-regulator which can control voltage in power distribution system operation. In addition, an impact of the CVR is depended on load characteristics such as a normal load, a rated power, and synchronous motors. Therefore, this paper proposes an application of CVR using linear voltage control based AVR in campus microgrid with power consumption reduction considering characteristics of load and component in the microgrid. The proposed system can be applied to each buildings by a configuration of power distribution cables; and the application results and CVR factor are presented in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.56-67
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• 2005

Rapid and reckless economical development is causing nationwide deforestation; more and more forest is being developed to be used as a base for economic advancement. While benefiting the national economy, this destruction of forest is creating a serious problem in the National Land Plan. To solve this problem, it is imperative to understand the current condition of damaged forest and make an environment-friendly plan. This paper explains the principles of spatial plan and sets the criteria for the plan, such as patch size, connectivity, and edge of the Landscape Ecology. The paper assesses the conservational value of area that are currently being developed or planned to be developed to figure out the current environmental situation. This conservational value was verified by the field survey. The result of assessment appears that the patch size of the major mountains in site is over 1,000ha and edge is located widely beside roads. The area of the high connectivity is located agriculture area in valley or narrow roads. The research shows that the patch size is related to biodiversity the larger the patch size, the more populated the species are. The research also reveals the conservational value indicated by degree of connection to forest, difference in the structure of vegetation between core area and edge area, and effects of surrounding environment. In further study, we will assess other criteria of conservation value, such as patch shape and fragmentation to the Landscape Ecology, and apply those criteria in biological aspects of the spatial plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.409-422
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• 2021

A doctor's coat worn by Seo Jae-pil (1864-1951)-National Registered Cultural Heritage No. 607-was conserved with wet cleaning to remove thick wrinkles and brown stains that had been present for a long time. This paper also applied microscopic observation and infrared spectrophotometric analysis to obtain scientific investigation data on the cotton fabric of this doctor's coat. Information about Seo Jae-pil's time as a doctor, the process of changing his English name, and C.D.Williams & Co., which produced the medical coat, revealed that this doctor's coat was worn by Seo Jae-pil between 1892 and 1898 or 1926 and 1939. Additionally, this paper proposes a pad for filling relics that can protect the shape of modern and contemporary clothing, such as Seo Jae-pil's doctor's coat, for display at a museum site. Specifically, this research provides detailed information on the manufacturing of filling pads that can prevent damage to modern and contemporary jackets and coats so that they can be used in the cultural heritage field by developing filling materials for three-dimensional costume artifacts.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.108-119
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• 2018

"The Collection of Yi Chungmugong" manuscript is a hand-written manuscript of the volume 1 consisting of the Collection, published in 1795 and it seems to have completed the contents of the book by correcting the first part of the book before print. The book adopted a form of Seonjangbon(線裝本) of Ochimanjeongbeop(五針眼訂法) and was urgently needed some measures to preserve because it has been much damaged by stains, loss and oxidation due to moisture on the bottom of it. In addition, a scientific investigation was applied to find out the features of the quality of paper and fiber used for the book, which would be reflected in the process of the preservation. The characteristics of paper were measurmented for size(cm), thickness(mm), weight(g), basis weight($g/m^2$), density($g/cm^3$), chain line and laid lines($3{\times}3cm$). The measurement showed that the characteristics of paper used in royal books published in the late Joseon Dynasty. For the paper-fiber of the book, C stain was used and the technique revealed that the book is made of bast fibre of paper mulberry and its binding strings are cotton. SEM-EDS analysis was performed to verify the existence of additives in paper. As a result of the analysis, The crystallized calcium was detected in addition to the main components carbon(C) and oxygen(O). This artifact is the unique final version of "The collection of Yi Chungmugong", which has considerable value in terms of academic research, besides it helps to understand how to print books of Joseon Dynasty. And it also has a very accurate information of when and where the book was made, which primarily could be resources to conserve and restore for other book heritage.