• 농업과학연구
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.63-77
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• 2024

Yield monitoring systems have become integral to precision agriculture, providing insights into the spatial variability of crop yield and playing an important role in modern harvesting technology. This paper aims to review current research trends in yield monitoring systems, specifically designed for non-grain crops, including cabbages, radishes, potatoes, and tomatoes. A systematic literature survey was conducted to evaluate the performance of various monitoring methods for non-grain crop yields. This study also assesses both mass- and volume-based yield monitoring systems to provide precise evaluations of agricultural productivity. Integrating load cell technology enables precise mass flow rate measurements and cumulative weighing, offering an accurate representation of crop yields, and the incorporation of image-based analysis enhances the overall system accuracy by facilitating volumetric flow rate calculations and refined volume estimations. Mass flow methods, including weighing, force impact, and radiometric approaches, have demonstrated impressive results, with some measurement error levels below 5%. Volume flow methods, including paddle wheel and optical methodologies, yielded error levels below 3%. Signal processing and correction measures also play a crucial role in achieving accurate yield estimations. Moreover, the selection of sensing approach, sensor layout, and mounting significantly influence the performance of monitoring systems for specific crops.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.253-263
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• 1997

To investigate the interaction of omeprazole (OMP) and meglumine (MEG), a complex was prepared by freeze-drying method in ammoniacal aqueous medium at room temperature and subjected to IR, DSC, and 1H NMR analysis. In addition, the stability of the complex was tested by accelerated stability analysis, and the dissolution rate of both powder and enteric coated was determined pellet by paddle method. The results are as follows; i) IR, DSC, and $^{1}H$ NMR studies indicate the formation of inclusion complex between OMP and MEG probably by electrostatic forces as $[OMP]\;[MEGH]^+$ form in a stoichiometric ratio (1:1) of OMP : MEG. ii) The dissolution rate of enteric coated OMP-MEG complex pellet in simulated enteric fluid was 90.6% in 10 minutes, which may satisfy the requirement for the regulation of dissolution. iii) OMP-MEG complex were decomposed according to pseudo 1st order kinetics: while the decomposition of OMP showed a rate constant $(k_{25^{\circ}C})$ of $5.13{\times}10^{-4}{\cdot}\;day^{-1}$, a half-life$(t_{1/2})$ of 1,350 days, a shelf-life$(T_{90%})$ 205 days and an activation energy of 23.53 kcal/mole. OMP-MEG complex inhibited a rate $(k_{25})$ of $2.92{\times}10^{-4}{\cdot}\;day^{-1}$, a half-life$(t_{1/2})$ of 2,373 days, a shelf-life $(T_{90%})$ of 306 days and an activation energy of 20.18 kcal/mole. iv) OMP was stabilized markedly by the formation of OMP-MEG complex between OMP and MEG, and the humidity increased the stability of OMP-MEG complex by decreasing the decomposition rate$(k_{50^{\circ}C})$ from $1.27{\times}10^{-2}{\cdot}\;day^{-1}$ at 31% R.H. to $2.54{\times}10^{-2}{\cdot}\;day^{-1}$ at 90% R.H.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 1997

Proliposomal patch of clenbuterol, ${\beta}_2-agonist$ bronchodilator, was prepared and its feasibility as a novel transdermal drug delivery system was examined. Proliposomal granules containing clenbuterol was prepared by a standard method using sorbitol and lecithin with (Rx 2) or without cholesterol (Rx 1). The porous structure of sorbitol in the proliposomes was maintained allowing tree flowability of the granules. Following contact with water, the granules were converted probably to liposomes almost completely within several minutes. It indicates that proliposomes may be hydrated, when they are applied on the skin under occlusive condition in vivo, by the sweat to form liposomes. Clenbuterol release from Rx 1 and Rx 2 proliposomes to pH 7.4 isotonic phospate buffer (PBS) across cellulose membrane (mol. wt. cut-off of 12000-14000) was retarded significantly compared with that from the mixture of clenbuterol powder and blank proliposomes. Interestingly, proliposomes prepared with lecithin and cholesterol (i.e., Rx 2 proliposomes) showed much more retarded release of clenbuterol than proliposomes prepared only with lecithin (i.e.. Rx 1 proliposomes), indicating that clenbuterol release from proliposomes can be controlled by the addition of cholesterol to the proliposomes. Proliposomal patches were prepared using PVC film as an occlusive backing sheet, two sides adhesive tape (urethane, 1.45 mm thickness) as a reservoir for proliposome granules and Millipore MF-membrane (0.45 mm pore size) as a drug release-controlling membrane. Rx 1 or Rx 2 proliposomes containing 4.6 mg of clenbuterol were loaded into the reservoir of the patch. Clenbuterol release from the patches to pH 7.4 PBS was determined using USP paddle (50 rpm)-over-disc release method. Clenbuterol release from the proliposomal patches was much more retarded even than from a matrix type clenbuterol patch (Boehringer Ingelheim ltd). Being consistent with clenbuterol release from the proliposomal granules, the release from the patches was highly dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the proliposomes : Patches containing Rx 2 proliposomes showed several fold slower drug release than patches containing Rx 1 proliposomes. When the patch containing Rx 1 proliposomes was applied on to the back of a hair-removed rat, clenbuterol concentration in the rat blood was maintained during 6-72 hrs. Transdermal absorption of clenbuterol from the patch was accelerated when the patch was prehydrated with 50 ml of pH 7.4 PBS before topical application. Above results indicate that sustained transdermal delivery of clenbuterol is feasible using proliposomal patches if the cholesterol content and pore size of the release rate-controlling membrane of patches, for example, are appropriately controlled.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2008

The bioequivalence of two carbamazepine preparations was conducted. The in vivo bioequivalence study in 20 healthy male Korean volunteers was designed by using a single dose, randomized, 2-period crossover with a 3-weeks washout period between the doses. Prior to the in vivo study, an in vitro comparative dissolution test was performed by the paddle and basket method as described in the bioequivalence guidance of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Based on the similar dissolution pattern between two preparations in the dissolution test, the two formulations are demonstrated to be pharmaceutically equivalent. In addition, in vivo bioequivalence test was used to reconfirm the in vitro dissolution results. In the in vivo bioequivalence study, the plasma concentrations of carbamazepine up to 144 h after the administration were determined using a validated HPLC method with UV detection and the bioequivalence between the two drug products was assessed by statistical analysis of the log transformed mean ratios of $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-\infty}$. The mean maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) of the test and reference were found to be $1467.0{\pm}335.8\;ng/mL$ and $1465.9{\pm}310.3\;ng/mL$, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals (C.I.) of $C_{max}$ were in the range from 0.95 to 1.05. As for the $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-\infty}$, test values were $110027.1{\pm}27786.4\;ng/mL{\cdpt}h$, $128807.0{\pm}34563.2\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$ and $105473.6{\pm}26496.2\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$, $125448.5{\pm}35975.5\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$, respectively. The 90% C.I. of $AUC_{0-t}$ were 0.97 to 1.10 and of $AUC_{0-\infty}$, 0.99 to 1.09 and thus were within the log 0.8-log 1.25 interval proposed by the KFDA. A two-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between the two formulations. Based on these statistical analysis, it was concluded that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.28-44
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• 2014

국내 경제성장에 힘입어 최근 30여 년 간에 걸쳐서 축산물 소비가 급격하게 늘어나고 있다. 이에 따라 국내 가축 규모는 전업화, 대형화 되는 추세에 있다. 가축 사육두수의 증가는 필연적으로 가축분뇨 발생량 증가를 초래하게 되었다. 농림축산 통계에 따르면 2013년 말 기준으로 약 47,235천 톤의 가축분뇨가 발생되었다. 이 분뇨를 처리하기 위해서 퇴비화, 액비화, 정화 그리고 혐기소화와 같은 다양한 가축분뇨 처리방법이 적용되고 있다. 가축분뇨를 퇴비화 처리 하는 시설에 있어서는 에스컬레이터식, 패들식, 스크루식 또는 로타리식 등의 4가지 종류의 교반시설이 적용되고 있다. 가축분뇨 액비화 시설의 경우에는 호기적 방법과 무산소적 방법 등의 2가지 시설이 운영되고 있다. 가축분뇨를 액비화하기 위해서 전국에 약 8천기에 달하는 액비화 시설이 설치, 운영되고 있다. 가축분뇨 정화처리 시설에서는 고액분리 처리, 2차 처리 그리고 고도 처리의 3가지 단계의 기술을 적용하고 있다. 2012년 말 기준으로 볼 때 혐기소화 처리방법에 의해서 처리된 돼지분뇨 슬러리는 약 21천 톤에 달한다. 가축분뇨 처리를 위해서 퇴비, 액비, 정화 시설, 혐기소화 시설 등을 선택함에 있어서 악취제거 효율을 높이는 것이 대단히 중요한 사안이 되었다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 설치된 가축분뇨처리 시설의 특징과 운영방식을 6년간에 걸친 시설 설치관련 서류 검토와 현장조사를 통하여 분석하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2013

Dissolution test has been performed to control drug quality and to predict in vivo drug release profile of solid dosage forms, so there's a drift towards setting dissolution test instead of disintegration test. However, some solid dosage forms in Korea Pharmaceutical Codex (KPC) are not established the dissolution test yet, so these monographs are necessary to set the specification of dissolution test. In this study, we developed the specification and test method of dissolution test for itopride hydrochloride tablets and tiropramide hydrochloride tablets which are not established the dissolution test yet. According to the "Manual for Guideline Application for Validation of Analytical Procedures" and "Guidelines on Specification of Dissolution test for Oral dosage form" of Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP), we validated and established each development method. Based on the preliminary dissolution profile, we set the dissolution condition(paddle apparatus, pH 1.2 media, 50 rpm). For this condition, we performed the main dissolution test to determine the specification (45 min, 85%). Finally, we validated each analytical method by specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. These developed methods will be included the next supplement of KPC and also contributed to the quality control of medicines.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.30.1-30.8
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• 2019

Background: Advancements in the field of microvascular surgery and the widespread adoption of microvascular surgical techniques have made the use of osteocutaneous fibula free flaps the standard of care in the surgical management of segmental mandibular defects. Although the literature possesses abundant evidence to support the effectiveness of fibula free flaps as a reconstructive method, there are relatively few studies reporting on outcomes as objectively measured by videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS). The purpose of this study is to explore the potential correlation between early postoperative VFSS and the long-term swallowing outcomes in patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with fibula free flaps. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 36 patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with osteocutaneous fibular free flaps between 2009 and 2012. Demographics, clinical variables, VFSS data, and diet information were retrieved. Penetration and aspiration findings on VFSS, long-term oral feeding ability, and the need for gastrostomy tube were statistical endpoints correlated with postoperative clinical outcomes. Results: Thirty-six patients were reviewed (15 females and 21 males) with a mean age of 54 years (7-81). Seventeen cases were treated for malignancy. The size of the bony defect ranged from 3 to 15 cm (mean = 9 cm). The cutaneous paddle, a surrogate for soft tissue defect, ranged from 10 to 125 ㎠ (mean = 52 ㎠). A gastrostomy tube was present in patients preoperatively (n = 8), and postoperatively (n = 14). Seventeen patients had neoadjuvant exposure to radiation. Postoperative VFSS showed penetration in 13 cases (36%) and aspiration in seven (19%). Overall, 29 patients (80.6%) achieved unrestricted diet, and this was statistically correlated with age (p = 0.037), radiation therapy (p = 0.002), and preoperative gastrostomy tube (p = 0.03). The presence of penetration or aspiration on VFSS was a strong predictor for long-term unrestricted oral diet (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Early postoperative VFSS is an excellent predictor for long-term swallowing outcomes in patients undergoing mandibular reconstruction with osteocutaneous fibula free flaps.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2004

The flap considered at first for the reconstruction of large maxillary defect, especially mid-face defect, is scapular free flap, because it provides ample composite tissue which can be designed 3-dimensionally for orbital, facial and oral reconstruction. In case of maxillary defect involving hard palate, however, this flap has some limitations. First, its bulk prevents oral function and physio-anatomic reconstruction of nasal and oral cavity. Second, mobility and thickness of cutaneous paddle covering the alveolar area reduce retention of tissue-supported denture and give rise to peri-implantitis when implant is installed. Third, lateral border of scapula that is to reconstruct maxillary arch and hold implants is straight, not U-shaped maxillary arch form. To overcome these problems, new concept of step prefabrication technique was provided to a 27-year-old male patient who had been suffering from a complete hard palate and maxillary alveolar ridge defect. In the first stage, scapular osteomuscular flap was elevated, tailored to fit the maxillary defect, particulated autologous bone was placed subperiosteally to simulate U-shaped alveolar process, and then wrapped up with split thickness skin graft(STSG, 0.3mm thickness). Two months later, thus prefabricated new flap was elevated and microtransferred to the palato-maxillary defect. After 6 months, 10 implant fixtures were installed along the reconstructed maxillary alveolus, with following final prosthetic rehabilitation. The procedure was very successful and patient is enjoying normal rigid diet and speech.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

오리 농법으로 재배되고 있는 논에 양파를 급여한 오리를 배치하여 38일간 사육한 생체중 1,500 g인 60수의 오리고기에 대한 이화학적 품질특성을 조사하였다. 처리구는 교잡종오리(청둥오리${\times}$집오리)를 3처리구로 나누어 20수씩 총 60수를 배치하였고, 시험사료는 대조구(C, 0%), 처리1구(Tl, 3%)및 처리2구(T2, 6%)로 나누었다. 시험에 공시된 시료는 4$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ 냉장고에서 12시간 보관한 후에 분석에 이용되었으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 일반성분 분석에서 가슴육은 양파의 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분, 조단백질, 조회분이 높았으나(p＜0.05), 조지방은 낮았다(p＜0.05). 다리육에서는 양파의 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분과 조단백질은 높았지만(p＜0.05), 조지방과 조회분은 낮았다(p＜0.05). pH는 양파의 첨가량이 증가할수록 가슴육은 낮았고(p<0.05), 다리육은 T1구가 가장 높았다(p＜0.05). 보수력(WHC)은 가슴육과 다리육에서 양파의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높았다(p＜0.05). 육색은 양파의 첨가량이 증가할수록 가슴육의 L＊값(백색도)은 낮았고(p＜0.05), b＊값(황색도)은 높았다(p＜0.05). 지방산조성에 있어서 단일불포화지방산(MUSFA)는 낮아졌지만(p＜0.05), 다가불포화지방산(PUSFA)과 필수지방산(EFA)는 양파의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 높았다(p＜0.05).

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2011

한국산 다람쥐 정자의 형태적 특징을 알아보기 위하여 광학현미경과 주사 및 투과 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 다람쥐 정자머리의 모양은 주걱 모양의 형태를 취하고 있었다. 정자의 전체 길이는 67.8 ${\mu}m$이었으며, 머리의 길이는 7.8 ${\mu}m$, 꼬리는 60.0 ${\mu}m$이었다. 꼬리는 경부(1.0 ${\mu}m$), 중편부(8.0 ${\mu}m$), 주편부(48.5 ${\mu}m$) 그리고 미부(2.5 ${\mu}m$)로 각각 구성되어져 있었다. 특히, 본 연구에서 정자의 중편부도 짧지만 미부의 길이는 다른 설치류 종보다도 매우 짧은 것이 특징적이다. 첨체 후 덮개는 핵의 약 1/5을 점유하고 있으며, 적도절은 핵 상단의 첨체 후 덮개와 첨체 덮개사이에 위치하고 있었다. 9개의 분절주들은 미토콘드리아에 의해 둘러싸여져 있었다. 중편부의 미토콘드리아의 회전수는 26개 이었다. 한 개의 분절주는 10~12개의 마디로 구성되어져 있었으며, 이들 경부의 각각의 분절주는 중편부의 9개의 외측치밀 섬유와 제각기 결합되어 있었다. 특히 경부의 분절주와 분절주 사이에는 수많은 satellite 섬유와 흡사한 물질들이 존재하고 있었다. 중편부의 9개의 외측 치밀 섬유는 Nos. 1, 5, 6의 섬유가 다른 섬유들(2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) 보다도 크다. 섬유초와 종 지주는 주편부에는 존재하고 있었으며, 미부에는 섬유초와 종 지주는 존재하지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때, 정자두부와 꼬리의 구조적인 특징들은 정자의 진화와 더불어 종을 분류하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 정보를 제공하리라 여겨진다.