• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 1996

This study is an attempt to investigate the chemical components of precipitation and its variation according to surface wind. Precipitation samples were collected by an wet-only precipitation sampler during the period of October 1994 to September 1995 at Kyungsan in Korea. The results obtained in t체s study are summerized as follows. The annual average of precipitation pH is 5.0, the highest month of pH is July of 5.5, and the lowest month of pH is December of 4.4. The most frequent appearance is in the range of pH 5.0 to 5.5 and its rate is 56.8%, The order of ion concentration In precipitation is SO42->NO3->Cl- in case of anion and $Ca^{2+}$>$NH_4^{+}$>$Na^+$>$Mg^{2+}$ in case of cation. It is found from our analysis that the correlation coefficient among the precipitation pH and ion components is below r=0.3, while the correlation coefficient between $SO_4^{2-}$ and NO_3^{-}$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^+$ is above r=0.8, respectively. The mean pH of precipitation is 4.8 under the westerly wind and 5.2 under the easterly wind. The concentrations of anion and cation under the westerly wind are more than the concentrations under the easterly wind. In autumn, the concentration of Na+ and $Cl^+$ under the easterly wind are higher than the concentration under the westerly wind. The correlation coefficients between wind speed and pH, ion components show very low correlation of -0.41 r 0.2. But the present study show that the correlation coefficient between wind speed and pH of precipitation is positive and the correlation coefficients between wind speed and ion concentration is negative.

• 폴리머
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.184-188
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• 2007

산성 도금조에서 차인산나트륨을 환원제로 하는 무전해 도금법을 사용하여 직경 $4{\mu}m$의 PMMA(poly-methylmethacrylate)/HDDA(1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate) 단분산 가교 고분자 미립자에 니켈층을 코팅할 시 1) 전처리 조건변화, 2) 도금조 온도변화, 3) 도금조 pH 변화, 및 4) 초기 도금조 pH 조절 등에 따라서 도금속도, 도금면의 상태 및 도금 재현성을 관찰하였다. 무전해 도금에서의 전처리 과정은 모든 단계가 중요하였으나 특히 conditioning 및 acceleration 과정이 균일한 도금층을 형성하는데 중요하였고, 도금조 온도 및 pH의 상승에 따라서 도금속도가 증가하였으며, 특히 초기 도금조의 pH의 조절이 도금 재현성을 확보하는데 매우 중요하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2012년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.827-828
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• 2012

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.145-149
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• 1991

A one dimensiional cumulus cloud model has been developed for the investigation of temporal and altitudinal variation of trace gases and the wet deposition rates of sulfate for different simulation conditions. The results show that the dynamic field, liquid mixing ratios and the solubility of trace gases affect the distribution of trace gases and the droplet pH. Temporal variation of the predicted surface precipitation and sulfate deposition rates agree well with the field data.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 수도관부식방지를 위해 정수공정에 탄산가스와 소석회, 소다회를 주입함으로 pH, 알칼리도, 칼슘경도와 같이 부식에 영향을 미치는 수질을 조절하여 운전하였다. 탄산가스와 소석회는 정수공정 중 응집제주입 이전에, 소다회는 정수공정의 마지막 단계인 BAC 처리 후에 주입하여 정수공정 내의 수질변화에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. pH와 알칼리도는 응집조에서 감소한 후 침전이후 BAC 공정까지 일정하게 되었으며, 칼슘경도는 응집조에서 증가한 후 BAC 공정까지 큰 변화 없이 일정하였다. 연구기간동안 탄산가스와 소석회주입으로 탁도 발생과 DOC 제거율에 미치는 영향은 거의 없었다. 최종처리수의 평균수질은 pH 8.39, 알칼리도 $61.4\;mg/L$ as $CaCO_3$, 칼슘경도 59.4 mg/L as $CaCO_3$였고, CCPP 지수는 BAC 처리수보다 평균 29.5 mg/L 상승시켜 CCPP $\geq$ 0으로 조절하여 수도관내 부식방지효과를 기대할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.31-47
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• 1983

This study was performed to investigate how much chemical constituents are contained and to what extent they are spread in the major streams running through Taegu City, i. e.: Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung, Dalseo, during the seven months Period between March to September, 1982. Nine constituents, pH, DO, COD, T-N, $NH_4-N, NO_2-N, NO_3-N, Cl^-, SO_4--$ and $PO_4-P---$, were found to be-contained in those streams. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. 1) Each chemical constituent detected in the five streams has the following variation range. pH(7.0-9.10), DO (ND-7.46ppm), COD (5.4-173ppm), T-N(13-42ppm), $NH^+_$-N$ (10.2-32.2ppm), $NO^-_2-N$ (0.007-2.53ppm), $NO^-_3-N$ (0.005-2.16ppm), $Cl^-$ (150-469 ppm), $SO_4^{3-}$ (71-1000ppm), $PO_4^{3-}-P$ (0.9-53ppm) The amount of all the constituents except pH, and $NO_3-N$, exceeded the standard value allowed for drinking, farming, and industrial water. 2) The monthly variation in the amount of each constituent differs according to the station from which it was sampled, but in general, the amount increased during the season from March to July when the rainfall was little while it decreased in August when the rainfall was abundant. 3) A statistical analysis of the constituents shows positive correlations that T-N and $NH^+_4-N$, water temperature and $NO^-_3-N$, but there were no ones beween the COD and $NH^+_4-N$ 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo. 5) Five major streams in Taegu City, Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung Dalseo, and Kongdan, are so narrow in width and so short in length that they flow into the Sincheon river or the Gumho river without undergoing self-purification. The increase in population and various kinds of industrial pollutants make the supply insufficient and water pollution inevitable. 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2003년도 가을 학술논문집
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• pp.676-680
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• 2003

제염 용액인 citric acid의 농도를 일정하게 유지(0.05M)한 상태에서 토양 내 존재하는 주요 철 성분인 마그네타이트에 대한 용해거동을 조사하였다. 수용액의 산도는 pH 2.0-5.0의 산성영역에서 이루어 졌고 온도는 $50^{\circ}C$에서 수행하였다. 수용액의 pH는 수산화나트륨과 질산용액을 사용하여 조절하였다. Citric acid의 이온화 상수를 사용하여 pH의 변화에 따른 해리 화학종 별 농도를 계산하였으며 마그네타이트의 표면전위를 측정하였다. 측정된 표면전위 값과 해리 화학종인 $H_2Y^-$ 및 $^HY^{2-}$ 를 비교함에 의해 citric acid에 의한 마그네타이트의 용해특성을 잘 설명할 수 있었다. 마그네타이트로부터 철 성분이 용해될 때까지 3 h 이상의 유도기간이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며 시간 경과에 따른 철 성분의 농도 변화에 대한 용해거동을 반응식을 사용하여 전개함에 의해 마그네타이트의 용해반응을 설명하였다. 실험범위의 pH 영역에서 최적화된 변수들의 물리적 의미를 용해반응 모델 식으로부터 설명하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.663-669
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• 2012

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of dibutyl chlorophosphate (3) with substituted anilines ($XC_6H_4NH_2$) and deuterated anilines ($XC_6H_4ND_2$) are investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at $55.0^{\circ}C$. The obtained deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs; kH/kD) are secondary inverse ($k_H/k_D$ = 0.86-0.97) with the strongly basic anilines while primary normal ($k_H/k_D$ = 1.04-1.10) with the weakly basic anilines. The DKIEs, steric effects of the two ligands, activation parameters, cross-interaction constants, variation trends of the kH/kD values with X, and mechanism are discussed for the anilinolyses of the nine ($R_1O$)($R_2O$)P(=O)Cl-type chlorophosphates. A concerted mechanism is proposed with a backside nucleophilic attack transition state for the strongly basic anilines and with a frontside attack involving a hydrogen-bonded four-center-type transition state for the weakly basic anilines on the basis of the magnitudes, secondary inverse and primary normal, and variation trends of the $k_H/k_D$ values with X.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.97-108
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• 2000

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is an essential tool of proteomics to analyse the entire set of proteins of an organism and its variation between organisms. Helicobacter pylori was tried to identify differences between strains. As the first step, whole H. pylori was lysed using high concentration urea contained lysis buffer [9.5 M Urea, 4% CHAPS, 35 mM Tris, 65 mM DTT, 0.01% SDS and 0.5% Ampholite (Bio-Rad, pH 3-10)]. The extract ($10\;{\mu}g$) was rehydrated to commercially available immobilised pH gradient (IPG) strips, then the proteins were separated according to their charges as the first dimensional separation. The IPG strips were placed on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate according to molecular mass of the proteins as the second dimension. The separated protein spots were visualised by silver staining in order to compare different expression of proteins between strains. Approximately 120 spots were identified in each mini-protein electrophoresised gel, furthermore about 65 to 75 spots were regarded as identical proteins in terms of pI value and molecular weight between strains used. In addition, distinct differences were found between strains, such as 219-1, Y7 and Y14, CH150. Two representative strains were examined using strips which had pH range from 4 to 7. This strips showed a number of isoforms which were considered large spots on pH range 3-10. Furthermore, the rest of spots on pH 4-7 IPG strips appeared very distinctive compared to broad range IPG strips. 2-DE seems to be an excellent tool for analysing and identifying variations between H. pylori strains.

• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.109-112
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• 2007

In this paper we describe a robust method of improving precision in monitoring high energy ion implantation processes. Ion implant energy accuracy was measured in the device manufacturing process using an unpatterned implanted layer on an intrinsic p-type silicon wafer. To increase Rs sensitivity to energy at the well implant process, a PN junction structure was formed by P-well and deep N-well implants into the p-type Si wafer. It was observed that the depletion layer formed by the PN junction was very sensitive to energy variation of the well implant. Conclusively, it can be recommended to monitor well implant processes using the Rs measurement method described herein, i.e., a PN junction diode structure since it shows excellent Rs sensitivity to variation caused by energy difference at the well implant step.