• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 1989

To evaluate the effect of soil improvement on the chemical properties and corn silage yield, this experiment was carried out in the newly-reclaimed sloped land. Corn (Suwon 19) was cultivated under the six different treatments including integrated improvement plot at Songjeong loam, 20 percent slope, from 1985 to 1987 and various soil chemical properties and silage yield were investigated. pH of topsoil was above 5.0 except for control and phosphate plot, but lime and integrated improvement plots were above 5.0 in subsoil. The contents of organic matter of topsoil were above 2.0% except control and subsoiling plot. Except control, the range of cation exchange capacity was 7.4-7.8 me/100g in topsoil, 7.0-7.7 me/100g in subsoil. Soil bacteria density of root zone was the highest in integrated improvement than the other treatments, and it was higher at the harvesting stage than the heading stage. Mean density of microorganism was $61.3{\times}10^5$ in bacteria, $21.5{\times}10^4$ in fungi and actinomycetes was B/F ratio was 28.5 and B/A ratio was 2.9. Vertical root distribution of total and 10cm depth below was more in the integrated improvement and subsoi ling plot than the other plots. Total nitrogen (T-N) content was higher in integrated improvement plot, and phosphate content of leaves was higher in compost and integrated improvement plot, but stem and grain were not different. Potassium content of the plant was higher in integra ted improvement plot. Correlation between dry matter yield and T-N was more significant than the other elements. And the contents of phosphate, calcium and magnesium were significant at 5%, but potassium was not.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.414-427
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• 2012

Carcass characteristics and meat quality traits as a function of endpoint months of slaughter age (26 vs 32 mon) and chiller ageing (1 vs 10 d) were evaluated for m. longissmus of 26 Hanwoo steers fed with commercial diets including whole crop barley silage. Totally twenty six Hanwoo steers for 6 mon of age that were fed until 26 mon of age constituted the short term-fed group and fed until 32 mon of age constituted long-term fed group. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h and were graded. Strip loin samples were divided into two age groups (1 d and 10 d). Long-term feeding increased carcass weight, rib-eye area, yield grade, marbling score, firmness and quality grade of the meat. The feeding for 32 mon produced tender, juicy meat (p<0.01) with lower cooking loss and higher rating score (p<0.05) than short term feeding, while other quality traits were not influenced by the length of feeding. Intramuscular fat content and oxidative stability (TBARS value) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in beef from long-term feeding however the length of feeding did not alter the fatty acid composition. Chiller aging reduced instrumental tenderness (WBSF value), improved color, sensory tenderness, acceptability and rating of beef. The results of the present study mirrors that Hanwoo steers until 32 mon of age overall improved carcass traits and palatability compared to that for 26 mon. However, from the viewpoints of economical and environmental aspects, cost of the additional feeding for 6 mon for value-adding of eating quality was relatively high and the effects in turn were limited.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1699-1704
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding encapsulated-glucose, glucose, sorbic acid or prefermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) on the fermentation quality and residual mono- and disaccharide composition of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) silages. The additive treatments were as follows: (1) control (no addition), (2) encapsulated-glucose addition at 0.5% for glucose, (3) glucose addition at 1%, (4) sorbic acid addition at 0.1%, (5) FJLB addition at a theoretical application rate of $2.67{\times}10^5$ CFU (colony forming unit) $g^{-1}$, on a fresh weight basis of Italian ryegrass. Although control and encapsulated-glucose treatments had higher contents of butyric acid (33.45, 21.50 g $kg^{-1}$ DM) and ammonia-N/Total nitrogen (114.91, 87.01 g $kg^{-1}$) as compared with the other treated silages, the fermentation in all silages was clearly dominated by lactic acid. This was well indicated by the low pH (4.38-3.59), and high lactic acid/acetic acid (4.39-22.97) and lactic acid content (46.85-121.76 g $kg^{-1}$ DM). Encapsulated-0.5% glucose and glucose addition increased lactic acid/acetic acid, and significantly (p<0.05) decreased ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the contents of butyric acid and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as compared with the control. However, there were higher butyric acid and lower residual mono-and di-saccharides on the two treatments as compared with sorbic acid and FJLB addition, and their utilization efficiency of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was lower than that of both sorbic acid and FJLB additions. Sorbic acid addition showed the lowest content of ethanol and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the highest content of residual fructose and total mono-and disaccharides as well as the higher lactic acid/acetic acid value. Sorbic acid addition decreased the loss of mono-and disaccharides, and inhibited the activity of clostridial and other undesirable bacteria, and greatly increased the utilization efficiency of fermentable substrates by epiphytic LAB. FJLB addition had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content among all additive treatments, with the most intensive lactic acid fermentation occurring in FJLB treated silage. This resulted in the faster accumulation of lactic acid and faster pH reduction. Sorbic acid and FJLB addition depressed clostridia or other undesirable bacterial fermentation which decreased the WSC loss and saved the fermentable substrate for lactic acid fermentation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze winter cereal crops for harvest time, proper drying time and haylage quality in order to investigate the possibility of the production of good quality haylage substitute for hay. As a result, in case of productivity and feed value, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with late harvest and crude protein and NDF, ADF was decreased (p<0.05). To make haylage for whole crop barley, oats, triticale, whole crop wheat need more than 32 hour wilting time in the milk ripe stage, yellow ripe stage need about 8~24 hour, and wilting time did not need the full ripe stage. Rye does not suitable for making haylage because of difficulty pre-wilting time. In case of fermentative quality on haylage, pH was increased with late harvest on all winter cereal crop forage. Lactic acid content was decreased with late harvest (p<0.05), and highest in the milk ripe stage. Acetic acid was also decreased with late harvest, and butyric acid was not detected. In conclusion, to harvest sooner of winter cereal crops could be an efficient way when making haylage in terms of protein content and fermentation quality. Ray can used as fresh and silage, because difficulty for pre-wilting time in Korea. Whole crop barley, oats, triticale, wheat can be used haylage when harvested yellow ripen stage and pre-wilting time for 8~24 hours.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2004

Four Holstein cows were used in a 4 ${\times}$ 4 Latin square experiment to study effects of fat sources on rumen metabolism and digestibility of nutrients. All cows were fed a total mixed diets containing 60% silage and 40% concentrate. The four concentrates were formulated to contain either Megalac(MEG), formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(LIN), a mixture (50 : 50, oil basis) of fish oil and formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(MIX), or no fat source in the concentrate but 500g per day of linseed oil being infused into the duodemm (OIL). The rumen pH was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.05), but ammonia N concentration in the rumen was not significantly different among the treatments. The differences of total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate and iso-valerate concentrations were not significant among the treatments. While, butyrate and valerate were highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). In addition, A:P ratio was also highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05). As expected, intake of nutrients(DM, OM, NDF and ADF) was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.01). However, all nutrients flow to the duodenum, and digestion in the rumen and total tract were not significantly different among the treatments. Intake of N was highest in MEG, but lowest in OIL treatment(P < 0.01). Duodenal flow of total N, nonammonia N and microbial N was not significantly different across the treatments. In addition, microbial synthesis and ammonia N and total N digestibility were not affected by different dietary fat sources. The present results show that fermentative characteristic and microbial efficiency in the rumen, and nutrients digestibility in the rumen and total tract were not depressed by supplementation of as much as 6% dietary fat sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.659-665
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• 2016

The effects of three different feeding systems on beef cattle production performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen digesta particle structure were investigated by using 18 Limousin (steers) with a similar body weight ($575{\pm}10kg$) in a 80-d experiment. The animals were equally and randomly divided into three treatment groups, namely, total mixed ration group (cattle fed TMR), SI1 group (cattle fed concentrate firstly then roughage), and SI2 group (cattle fed roughage firstly then concentrate). The results showed that the average daily gain was significantly higher in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). Consumption per kg weight gain of concentrate, silage, and combined net energy (NEmf) were significantly decreased when cattle received TMR, unlike when they received SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05), indicating that the feed efficiency of TMR was the highest. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly decreased when cattle received TMR compared with that in cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference compared with that in cattle receiving SI2. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly lower in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). The rumen area of cattle that received TMR was significantly larger than that of cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), but there was no difference compared with that of cattle receiving SI2. Although there was no significant difference among the three feeding systems in rumen digesta particle distribution, the TMR group trended to have fewer large- and medium-sized particles and more small-sized particles than those in the SI1 and SI2 groups. In conclusion, cattle with dietary TMR showed increased weight gain and ruminal development and decreased BUN. This indicated that TMR feeding was more conducive toward improving the production performance and rumen fermentation of beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.812-818
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• 2009

This study evaluated the effects of live yeast and yeast cell-wall mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation onperformance and nutrient digestibility during early lactation in cows fed a diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa hay as forage sources. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows (average days in milk, 27${\pm}$6) were used in a replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Diets contained 45% forage and 55% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis and treatments were: i) basal diet without additive (Control), ii) basal diet with 32 g/d of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), iii) basal diet with $1.2{\times}10^{10}$ colony forming units per day (cfu/d) of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM 1-1077; SC), and iv) basal diet with a mixture of MOS (32 g/d) and SC ($1.2{\times}10^{10}$ cfu/d; MOS+SC). Treatments had no effect (p>0.05) on DM intake and yields of milk, 3.5% fat-(FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM), and on milk fat percentage, body condition score and blood metabolites. Compared with the Control, only supplementation of SC resulted in numerically higher yields of FCM (41.9 vs. 40.1 kg/d) and ECM (41.8 vs. 40.3 kg/d), and milk fat percentage (3.64 vs. 3.43%). While the MOS diet had no effects on performance compared to the Control, the combination treatment MOS+SC increased milk protein percentage (p<0.05). Also, the MOS supplementation, both alone or in combination with SC, numerically increased milk fat percentage. The SC supplementation increased apparent digestibility of DM and crude protein while the MOS supplementation did not affect digestibility. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ruminal pH were similar across treatments. Overall results indicated that supplementation of MOS produced variable and inconsistent effects on rumen metabolism and performance, whereas SC supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and numerically increased FCM and ECM yields, which could not be enhanced by the combined supplementation of MOS+SC. According to our experimental condition, there was no effect of MOS alone or in combination with SC on dairy cow performance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2011

This study evaluated the feasibility of using a portable near infrared reflectance spectrometer working in the 900~1,600 nm range for the measurement of quality-related parameters (moisture, pH, Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Crude protein (CP), lactic acid) in intact silage. The calibration result for the Phazir (handheld, Polychromix) was compared with the result for the Spectrastar (Lab. based, Unity). A total of 67 Italian ryegrass silages were used to build calibration models using different spectral signal pre-treatments and the partial least squares regression (PLS) method. The good calibration statistics in two instruments was obtained for moisture content of Italian ryegrass silages with over $R^2$ = 0.95. The Phazir spectrometer was less accurate in measuring of ADF, NDF and CP contents. The Spectrastar instrument yielded greater precision for pH and lactic acid content; statistic values were over $R^2$ = 0.82 and the standard error of calibration (SEC) = 0.21% and 0.24%. Thus, the NIR measurement of forage quality in the field by portable NIR analyzers was shown not to be feasible, but additional investigations are required to discern the key instrumental and operational parameters that may influence the portable NIR measurement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2000

Fifty mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a six-week feeding trial to study effects of high-forage, high-fat diets on dry matter intake and production performance. Cows were divided into 10 replicates, each consisting of five cows. Each cow was assigned to a control (diet 1) or one of the four experimental diets (high-forage (75%), high-fat (7.5%) (diet 2); high-forage, medium-fat (5%) (diet 3); medium forage (65%), high-fat (diet 4); medium-forage, medium-fat (diet 5)), or a control diet containing about 50% forage and 2% fat. All diets were isonitrogenous (17.7% crude protein). The forage mixture consisted of 20% alfalfa hay, 40% alfalfa haylage, and 40% com silage. Supplemental fat included 80% rumen-protected fat and 20% yellow grease. Dry matter intake was decreased (p<0.01) in cows fed experimental diets (18.4, 20.9, 19.9, and 22.6 kg for cows fed diets 1-4, respectively vs. 27.5 kg for cows fed the control diet). Daily milk production was lower (p<0.05) for cows consuming experimental diets (30.5, 31.3, 31.0, and 32.5 kg for cows fed greater for cows consuming experimental diets (1.74, 1.55, 1.60, and 1.53 kg milk/kg dry matter intake for cows fed diets 1-4, respectively, vs. 1.26 kg milk/kg dry matter intake for cows fed the control diet).