• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권9호
• /
• pp.1267-1272
• /
• 2005

The effect of various moisture contents of fresh forage on the change in nitrogen (N) fractions, in vitro ruminal N degradability, and the subsequent N utilization of silage in sheep were evaluated. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with high (HM, 76%), medium (MM, 65%) and low (LM, 40%) moisture contents were ensiled into silos of 120 L capacity for 120 days. A nitrogen balance trial was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design consisting of four dietary treatments (i.e. fresh forage, HM, MM and LM silages) and four wethers. With respect to N fractions, fraction 1 (buffer solution soluble N), fraction 2 (buffer solution insoluble N-neutral detergent insoluble N), fraction 3 (neutral detergent insoluble N-acid detergent insoluble N), and fraction 4 (acid detergent insoluble N) were determined. The proportion of fraction 1 in silages tended to decrease, while the in vitro ruminal degradability of insoluble N increased (p<0.05) with lower moisture contents at ensiling. Consequently, nitrogen utilization in sheep tended to improve as the moisture content of ensiled grass was decreased, with a negative correlation (p<0.01) between urinary N and the in vitro ruminal degradability of insoluble N. The averaged N retentions for HM, MM, and LM silage treatments were 59, 73 and 79% of that for fresh forage, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권10호
• /
• pp.1550-1554
• /
• 2003

One hundred of lactic cultures were evaluated for their ability to inhibit hazardous microbes, such as Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus by agar well diffusion method. None of them showed inhibitory halo against S. enteritidis, while 27 strains showed inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium, 6 against E. coli, 9 against ampicillin resistant E. coli, 31 against L. monocytogens, 10 against B. cereus. pH of the culture does not explain for the inhibitory activity except against B. cereus. A neutralized culture from corn silage showed highest inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium, and the size of inhibitory halo was same as 10 ug/mL of ampicillin. The culture was identified to be Lactobacillus buchneri on the basis of biochemical characteristics and utilization of substrates. Using the culture as probiotics could be expected to reduce antibiotics for animal feeding.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제67권4호
• /
• pp.319-325
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 트리티케일의 파종기(가을, 봄)와 수확시기별(유묘기, 수잉기, 출수기, 출수 후 10일, 출수 후 20일) 사일리지 사료가치와 기능성 성분 분석 결과를 토대로 재배환경과 조사료 용도에 맞는 트리티케일의 적정 파종시기와 수확기 결정을 위한 기초자료로 제공하기 위한 것이며, 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생육후기로 갈수록 트리티케일의 초장과 생체수량은 높아졌고, 수잉기까지의 초기생육은 봄파종보다 가을파종에서 더 높았다. 2. 수확시기별 조단백질 함량 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 생장이 진전됨에 따라 조단백질이 감소하는 경향으로 유묘기에 가장 높았으며, 가을파종(24.2%)보다는 봄파종(35.0%) 했을 경우에 더 높았다. ADF와 NDF에서도 생장후기로 갈수록 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 파종기에 의한 변화는 크지 않았다. TDN은 유묘기의 봄파종(71.3%)과 가을파종(67.0%)에서 차이가 있었으나 이후에는 유사한 경향을 보였다. 3. 사일리지의 등급을 결정하는 주요 요인인 pH와 젖산 함량의 경우 봄파종 시 동일한 수확시기일지라도 가을파종이 낮은 편이었고, 생육단계가 진전됨에 따라 조단백질 함량과 동일하게 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 4. 기능성 물질인 옥타코사놀도 생육초기에 함량이 높았고, 수잉기까지는 가을파종이 봄파종보다 높았지만, 출수기 이후에는 파종기나 수확기와는 상관없이 거의 동일한 수준이었다. 따라서 트리티케일 '조성'을 이용한 사일리지 제조 시 영양적 측면에서 조단백질이나 TDN, 기능성 물질인 옥타코사놀이 높은 사일리지가 필요할 경우 식물체가 어린 시기인 유묘기에 제조하는 것이 효율적이며, 발효가 잘되는 사일리지가 필요할 경우 출수 후 20일에 수확한 트리티케일을 이용할 경우 더 효율적이다. 가을파종이 어려울 경우 봄 파종하여 유묘기에 수확하면 조단백질이나 TDN, 유기산 함량이 높은 사일리지를 제조할 수 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 국내산 원물 옥수수 사일리지의 품질을 신속하게 분석 평가하기 위한 NIRS DB 구축과 원물시료의 분석 예측능력을 향상시키기 위한 근적외선 스펙트라의 적정 수 처리 방법을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 옥수수 사일리지는 전국 사료작물 사일리지 품질경연대회에 출품된 시료와 2014년부터 2015년까지 전국 조사료 품질검사 시범사업에 참여한 조사료 생산경영체, 농축협 TMR회사 및 생산농가에서 407점을 수집하였다. 옥수수 사일리지의 품질평가를 위한 NIRS DB 구축을 위해 수집된 시료를 근적외선 분광기를 이용하여 스펙트라를 측정하고 측정된 시료는 실험실에서 화학적 분석을 실시하였다. 다양한 수 처리 방법에 따른 사료가치 및 발효품질의 예측정확성을 평가하기 위하여 원시 스펙트라를 미분처리하여 최적의 수처리 방법을 구명하였다. 옥수수 원물 사일리지의 수분함량 예측능력은 1차 미분처리(1, 16, 16)한 것으로 나타났으며 NDF와 ADF의 최적 수 처리는 두 성분 모두에서 2, 16, 16 처리가 예측 정확성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 조단백질 함량의 예측능력은 1차 미분처리(1, 4, 4)가 SECV 0.51과 $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72로 가장 우수한 예측능력을 나타내었다. 옥수수 사일리지의 발효산물인 산도(pH) 예측 정확성은 원물 스펙트라를 1차 미분처리(1, 8, 8)한 것으로 나타났으며 젖산과 초산의 예측능력은 2차 미분처리(2, 16, 16)에서 각각 SECV 0.81% 및 0.71%의 분석오차로 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권1호
• /
• pp.38-51
• /
• 2022

Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10 at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day 10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log₁₀ CFU/g fresh weight for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter, fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during ensiling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.967-972
• /
• 2004

Four Holstein$\times$Indigenous cows with ruminal canulas were used in a 4$\times$4 Latin square design with 28 d periods to determine the effect of replacing nonforage fiber source (NFFS) from cassava residues for non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk production. Dietary treatments contained 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (FNDF) from corn silage and 0, 3, 6 and 9% nonforage NDF from cassava residues and 11% nonforage NDF from other NFFS, so that levels of nonforage NDF were 11, 14, 17 and 20% dry matter (DM). Intakes of DM and net energy for lactation, average daily gain and milk fat percentage were not different (p>0.05). Ruminal pH, ammonia concentrations, acetate to propionate ratios, 24 h in sacco fiber digestibility significantly increased with increasing contents of nonforage NDF from cassava residues. Concentrations of VFA, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, milk protein percentage, production of milk and 4% FCM significantly decreased. These results suggest that NFC in diets is one of the limiting factors affecting productivity of dairy cows in the tropics and thus NFFS is better used as partial replacements for FNDF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.90-95
• /
• 2005

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from silage, which produce high level of hydrogen peroxide in cell culture supernatant. The 16S rDNA sequences of the isolate matched perfectly with that of Lactobacillus fermentum (99.9%), examined by a 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis and similarity search using the GenBank database, thus named L. fermentum CS12-1. L. fermentum CS12-1 showed resistance to low pH and bile acid. The production of hydrogen peroxide by L. fermentum CS12-1 was confirmed by catalase treatment and high-performance liquid chromatography. L. fermentum CS12-1 accumulated hydrogen peroxide in culture broth as cells grew, and the highest concentration of hydrogen peroxide reached 3.5 mM at the late stationary growth phase. The cell-free supernatant of L. fermentum CS12-1 both before and after neutralization inhibited the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 that causes diarrhea in piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.479-485
• /
• 2017

Objective: The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. Methods: Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. Results: In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. Conclusion: We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 2012

Rumen fermentative characteristic is useful indicators of the quality of ruminant feed stuffs and diets. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment was therefore carried out to compare fermentation patterns among three forage sources. These were whole crop barley (WCBS), Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and rice straw silages (RSS). Rice straw (RS) was the control, making the treatments 4 in total. Forages were randomly allocated to serum bottles. The incubation times were arranged 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Each forage source was replicated 3 times per incubation time. At each sampling time, total gas and pH were measured, whilst individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were determined later after storing samples at $-20^{\circ}C$. Acetate: Propionate ratio (A/P) was then calculated. Forage source had a significant effect (P<0.001) on pH and $NH_3$-N. RSS maintained higher pH values than the rest of the forage sources. A decreasing pH trend with increased time of incubation, in agreement with literature, was observed for all forage sources. WCBS recorded $NH_3$-N values higher than all the other treatments. Total gas, individual and total VFA and A/P ratio were not affected by forage source. However, there was a significant difference in all parameters (p<0.05) among forage sources at sampling periods at 3 to 72h. Therefore, the present results indicating that WCBS, IRGS, RS and RSS maintained in vitro rumen pH above the critical value. Also, WCBS produced the highest NH3-N and on this merit could be of better nutritive value, in vivo, in the ruminant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권7호
• /
• pp.968-973
• /
• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.