• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.431-440
• /
• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal supplementation on the quality of Korean herbal medicine silage. Herbal medicine meal silages were produced by the addition of 0, 15, and 30% of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and 0, 1, and 2% of molasses ($3{\times}3$ factorial design) and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Its quality such as chemical composition, pH, organic acids, the number of microorganisms and $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance were determined. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, crude protein and crude fat contents increased significantly, but the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content decreased significantly. As the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal decreased, and molasses increased, pH tended to decrease, but the lactic acid content trended to increase. The acetic acid content was lower in a higher level (30%) of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal, and higher in a higher level (2%) of molasses. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, the butyric acid content decreased, and butyric acid of molasses treatment was higher than that of non-supplemented control. Molasses increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi in silage. A lower level of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi. $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance tended to increase by the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and molasses. It is concluded that the addition of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ to herbal medicine meal silage could enhance its nutritional quality. It is considered that proper levels of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal in herbal medicine meal silage were 2 % and 15% respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.283-283
• /
• 2017

The objective of the present study is to analyze the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) effects on rye silage fermentation at different stages. Different stages (Booting, Heading, Flowering, and Late flowering stage) of rye were collected from the National livestock farm, National Institute of Animal Science, South Korea. Rye sample was inculcated with lactic acid bacteria and incubated at the anaerobic condition for three months. The nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fibre, Neutral detergent fibre and total digestibility nutrients were increased in both control and LAB inculcated samples at all the stages of rye forage. The pH of rye silage was reduced at both stages by LAB inoculation as compared with control. The lactate content was increased in all stages of rye sample by LAB. The acetate concentration and butyrate was reduced in LAB inoculated rye sample. However, acetate concentration was slightly high in LAB inculcated rye at heading and late flowering stage. The LAB population was greater in LAB inoculated rye sample as compared with control sample. However, the massive population was noted in booting stage of rye than the other stages. It indicates the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by lactate production. Overall results suggest that the isolated lactic acid bacterium is the potent strain that could be suitable for rye forage fermentation at different stages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.169-178
• /
• 2010

The present study was conducted with four ruminally fistulated cattle to examine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, and whole tract digestibility and TDN values of various silages (whole crop rye, RS; whole crop barley, BS; Italian ryegrass, IRGS and sudangrass, SGS) which were produced in Korea. The pH of rumen fluid were not greatly affected by silage at most times after feeding but SGS decreased (p<0.049) the ruminal ammonia-N concentration as 7.28 mg/100 ml at 3h after feeding compared to other silages. An acetate proportion from SGS feeding was higher at 1h (p<0.018), 3h (p<0.004) and 6h (p<0.019) after feeding than those from other silages. The propionate ($C_2$) proportion, however, was greater (p<0.001~p<0.042) for the RS and BS than the corresponding values of other silages up to 6h after feeding while the lowest $C_2$ proportion was observed from SGS. The butyrate proportion was lowest (p<0.007~p<0.027) in the cattle fed BS at 1~6h after feeding among silages. An ED of dry matter (DM) in the rumen was highest (P<0.048) for RS as 59.64%, and was reduced in the order of BS (56.12%), IRGS (55.64%) and SGS (54.02%). Similar tendency was observed in the EDs of crude protein (p<0.014) and organic matter (OM, p<0.039). The whole tract digestibility of DM (p<0.032), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, p<0.034) and OM (p<0.041) of SGS was greatly reduced. The TDN value based on whole tract digestibility of silages was highest for RS as 61.1%, and TDN values of BS, IRGS and SGS were 57.1%, 57.9% and 50.7%, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the present study, components in various whole crop silages produced in Korea might affect the ruminal VFA proportion, and especially, NDF content could greatly influence on the TDN value of silage calculated based on the NDF content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.11
• /
• pp.1541-1552
• /
• 2004

The effect of eight varieties of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) harvested at four stages of maturity were investigated for in situ DM and N degradability, ME and MP yield and content in an 8${\times}$4 factorial experiment. The varieties were Akichikara, Fukuhibiki, Habataki, Hamasari, Hokuriku 168, Kusanami, Tamakei 96 and Yumetoiro. Hamasari and Kusanami were forage varieties while all others were grain varieties. Forages were harvested on 10, 22, 34 and 45 days after flowering, ensiled and kept in airtight condition. Between 45 and 49 days after ensiling, silages opened, chopped and milled green to pass through 4 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of two Holstein steers for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h over eight 4 d periods. Bags at 0 h were washed in a washing machine. Variety affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.01) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Stages of maturity also affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.05; 'c', p<0.08) and N (p<0.01: except 'c', p<0.05) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Interactions between variety and stages of maturity occurred in all DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics except (p>0.05) for DM 'b', DM 'c', DM 'a+b' nd N 'c'. Effective DM degradability was higher in grain varieties than forage varieties and degradability increased with maturity. N availability decreased only slightly with maturity. Variety was the key factor for N degradability characteristics of WCRS since variety accounted for most of the total variation for degradability characteristics. Both ME and MP content and yield were higher (p<0.001) in grain varieties, and they increased (p<0.001) with the maturity. The results clearly demonstrated that the grain type varieties contained higher ME and MP content than forage varieties, and increase in maturity increases both ME and MP content of WCRS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.556-567
• /
• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.62 no.5
• /
• pp.648-658
• /
• 2020

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus, cellulase, and molasses on chemical composition, fermentation qualities, and microorganism count of sugarcane bagasse silage after 30-days fermentation. The treatments were arranged according to a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 2) + 1, in a complete randomized design. The first factor consisted of two levels of Lactobacillus casei TH14 (TH14, 0 and 0.05 g/kg fresh matter; the second factor consisted of two levels of cellulase enzyme (C, 0 and 10⁴ U/kg fresh matter); and the third factor consisted of two levels of molasses (M, 0 and 5 g/ 100 mL distilled water). A treatment (+1) referred to the use of rice straw without any treatments. The result showed that dry matter increased by 4% and neutral detergent fiber decreased by 2% of sugarcane bagasse when ensiled as a combination of additives as compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse. The pH and ammonia nitrogen were significantly dropped to 3.5 and 2.3 g/kg dry matter. Furthermore, lactic acid was increased by 64% when compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria count was increased by 28% as compared to untreated sugarcane bagasse. Based on this experiment, fermenting with L. casei TH14, cellulase, and molasses in combination resulted in the promotion of the best qualities of sugarcane bagasse silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.293-304
• /
• 1997

A field experiment was conducted at the forage experimental plots, Seoul National University, Suweon h m 1995 to 1996 to determine the effect of legume residues as a N source and N fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.) silage yield, N uptake, and availability of inorganic N in the soil. Corn was grown following (i) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), (ii) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), (iii) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and (iv) winter fallow. The plots were split into two rates of fertilizer N (0 and 90kg Nlha) in a split-plot experimental plan. Compared with fallow treatment, legumes depleted soil water in the surface 15cm at corn planting by 17 to 26%. As a result, corn emergence was markedly delayed with legume residues by 8 to 11 days. Corn silage DM yield was significantly reduced in the presence of legume residues by 2.0 to 3.4 and 1.5 to 2.5 tonlha compared with winter fallow treatment at 0 and 90kg fertilizer Nlha, respectively, but no significant difference in the corn DM yield was found between legume residue treatments. There was an overall tendency for increased corn yields with 90kg fertilizer Nlha compared to Okg fertilizer Nlha, although not all yield increases were significantly greater. The corn yield response to applied N suggests that a source of N from legume residues was not sufficient for a succeeding corn crop. There was significantly more N (P

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.150-158
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics, yield and feed value of newly developed domestic teosinte (Geukdong 6) compared to widely cultivated silage corn hybrid (31N27) and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid (P877F). Geukdong 6, a new single cross (Teosinte ${\times}$ Suwon 19) variety, is a teosinte (Zea may L. ssp. maxicana) developed by the Geukdong 6 of agricultural company corporation (GACC) in An-dong province. This field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of silage corn (T1), sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (T2) and Geukdong 6 (T3). Leaf length, number of leaves, number of tillers and fresh yield of T3 were higher than that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). Dry matter yield of T3 was lower than that of T1 (p<0.05). In particular, T3 ($0.1kg/cm^2$) showed to be very tender compared to other T1 ($0.5kg/cm^2$) and T2 ($0.5kg/cm^2$), (p<0.05). The crude protein content of T3 as 8.25% was higher than that of T2 (5.90%), (p<0.05). However, there was no significant differences between T1 (8.14%). The brix degree of T2 was higher than that of T1 and T3 (p<0.05). T3 showed higher content of total minerals compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The relative palatability of T3 was higher than T1 and T2 (p<0.05), when fed to deer as soiling crop. However, it showed a lower than T1 in Korean native cattle and korean native goats. The relative palatability of the silage shown in order of T1> T3> T2 in korean native cattle, spotted deer, and korean native goats. As mentioned above the results, Geukdong 6 (T3) could be recommended as using of soiling and lab silage, when high fresh yield, tender stem, number of many leaf, content of high crude protein, and palatability higher than sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were considered.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.739-747
• /
• 2016

The rational utilization of crop straw as a raw material for natural gas production is of economic significance. In order to increase the efficiency of biogas production from agricultural straw, seasonal restrictions must be overcome. Therefore, the potential for biogas production via anaerobic straw digestion was assessed by exposing fresh, silage, and dry yellow corn straw to cow dung liquid extract as a nitrogen source. The characteristics of anaerobic corn straw digestion were comprehensively evaluated by measuring the pH, gas production, chemical oxygen demand, methane production, and volatile fatty acid content, as well as applying a modified Gompertz model and high-throughput sequencing technology to the resident microbial community. The efficiency of biogas production from fresh straw (433.8 ml/g) was higher than that of production from straw silage and dry yellow straw (46.55 ml/g and 68.75 ml/g, respectively). The cumulative biogas production from fresh straw, silage straw, and dry yellow straw was 365 l^-1 g^-1 VS, 322 l^-1 g^-1 VS, and 304 l^-1 g^-1 VS, respectively, whereas cumulative methane production was 1,426.33%, 1,351.35%, and 1,286.14%, respectively, and potential biogas production was 470.06 ml^-1 g^-1 VS, 461.73 ml^-1 g^-1 VS, and 451.76 ml^-1 g^-1 VS, respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that the corn straw was mainly metabolized by acetate-utilizing methanogens, with Methanosaeta as the dominant archaeal community. These findings provide important guidance to the biogas industry and farmers with respect to rational and efficient utilization of crop straw resources as material for biogas production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2015

Fresh rice straw silage (RSS) was prepared with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella (CA) at the experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan Province, Korea. This experiment consisted of the following eight treatments: control treatment without CA and LAB; treatment of 0.1% CA applied without LAB; treatment of 0.5% CA applied without LAB; treatment of 1.0% CA applied without LAB; treatment of only LAB inoculation without CA; treatment of 0.1% CA inoculated with LAB; treatment of 0.5% CA inoculated with LAB; and treatment of 1.0% CA inoculated with LAB. The content of crude protein of RSS significantly elevated with increased concentration of CA (p<0.05). The levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) showed no significant improvement in all treatments when compared to control. However, the quantity of lactic acid in RSS increased in CA and LAB alone inoculated treatments. Similarly, lactic acid significantly increased in LAB with CA treatments when compared to control. In addition, the number of LAB in LAB treatment increased as compared to control and significantly increased by an increase of CA concentration (p<0.05). Therefore, the nutritive values and quality of RSS can be improved by the addition of CA.