• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1283-1290
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• 2006

The effect of substituting potato by-products based silage (PBS) for concentrates on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in Holstein steers was evaluated. Three growing Holstein steers ($490{\pm}19kg$, initial body weight) were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square experiment with three experimental diets in which PBS was included at (1) 0, (2) 19 and (3) 27%, on a dry matter basis, replacing concentrates and wheat bran. Increasing replacement levels of PBS slightly increased dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), NDF and ADF intakes by the steers (p<0.05). Inclusion of PBS at 19% increased crude protein (CP) digestibility of the experimental diets compared with the control (p<0.05). Substitution with PBS increased ADF digestibility and nitrogen retention (p<0.05), but did not affect energy retention. Energy loss as methane ranged between 5.0 and 6.1% of the total gross energy intake. There were no significant differences in carbon dioxide and methane production among all PBS levels, while daily methane production numerically increased with PBS inclusion. Substituting PBS for concentrates did not significantly affect ruminal pH and ammonia N concentration. Total VFA concentration, VFA molar proportions and blood metabolites were also unaffected by PBS replacement. These results suggest that substitution of PBS up to 27% of diet dry matter did not significantly increase methane production and was equal or superior to concentrates in ADF digestibility and nitrogen retention for growing steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1374-1380
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• 2012

The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at $1.0{\times}10^5$ colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and $NH_3$-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.147-150
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• 2002

땅콩 수확시기 및 첨가제에 따른 땅콩경엽의 수량 및 사일리지용 사료가치를 비교 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수확시기별 생육은 개화후 90일 수확시 경엽의 병해(갈색무늬병 및 흑색무늬병) 발생 정도가 낮고, 성숙협비율은 89%, 100립중은 81g으로 높았다. 2. 수확시기에 따른 경엽 및 종실 생산성은 개화후 90일에 경엽은 52 t/ha, 종실중은 3.6 t/ha이었다. 3. 경엽과 종실수량간에는 고도의 정상관($r^2$=0.62$^{**}$ )이 있었다. 4. 땅콩경엽의 사일리지 사료가치는 땅콩경엽+볏짚+젖산균 조제시 ADF 42.2%, NDF 49.6%, CP 10.5%, TDN 55.6%이었다. 5. 땅콩경엽 사일리지의 유기산함량은 땅콩경엽+볏짚 및 땅콩경엽+보릿짚에다 젖산균 첨가시 각각 산도 5.04 및 5.10, 낙산함량 3.12% 및 4.64%, 젖산함량은 7.34% 및 2.07%이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2006

본 시험은 예건기간이 목초 라운드베일 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 축산연구소에서 2년간 수행되었다. 사일리지 조제전 목초를 수확하여 비예건, 반나절 예건 및 1일 예건 등 3처리를 두고 각각 3롤의 라운드베일 사일리지를 조제하였다. 일반성분중 조섬유 함량은 예건으로 증가되었으나 나머지 성분은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 섬유소 함량에 있어서도 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 건물 소화율에 있어서는 1일 예건구가 비예건구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 건물함량은 예건기간이 길어짐에 따라 23.7%에서 40.0%로 높아졌으며 pH도 증가되었다. 사일리지의 유기산 함량은 예건기간이 길어질수록 감소되는 경향을 보여주었으며 사일리지의 품질 점수 및 등급이 약간 개선되었다. 건물 손실에 있어서는 예건으로 약 $4{\sim}10%$ 줄일 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 고품질의 목초 라운드베일 사일리지 조제를 위해서는 1일정도 예건하는 것이 권장되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.96-112
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• 2023

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a valuable annual forage crop in Korea but there is limited information about the impact of chemical and biological additives on fermentation characteristics of the crop. This experiment was conducted to investigate fermentation dynamics of wilted forage rye treated with the following six additives; control (no additive), sodium diacetate applied at 3 g/kg wilted forage weight (SDA3), 6 g/kg wilted forage weight (SDA6), inoculations (10⁶ CFU/g wilted forage) of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), L. buchneri (LB), or LP+LB. The ensiled rye sampled at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days indicated that the acidification occurred fast within five days of storage than the rest of the storage period. The microbial inoculants decline the pH of ensiled forage, more rapidly than the control or SDA treated, which accompanied by the decrease of water-soluble carbohydrates and increase of lactic acid. Compared with the control silage, all treatments suppressed ammonia-nitrogen formation below to 35 g/kg DM throughout the sampling period. Suppression of total microbial counting occurred in SDA6, LP, and LP + LB. The lactic acid production rates were generally higher in microbial inoculation treatments. Acetic acid concentration was lowest in the LP-treated silage and highest in the SDA- and LB-treated silages. The in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and total digestible nutrients were the highest in the silage treated with SDA (6 g/kg) at day 45 of ensiling. Based on lower ammonia-nitrogen concentrations and higher feed value, ensiling forage rye treated with SDA at 6 g/kg is promising through enhanced silage quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.788-796
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• 2017

Objective: In order to improve fermentation quality of natural grasses, their silage preparation and fermentation quality in meadow steppe (MS) and typical steppe (TS) were studied. Methods: The small-scale silages and round bale silages of mixed natural grasses in both steppes were prepared using the commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants Chikuso-1 (CH, Lactobacillus plantarum) and cellulase enzyme (AC, Acremonium cellulase) as additives. Results: MS and TS contained 33 and 9 species of natural grasses, respectively. Stipa baicalensis in MS and Stipa grandi in TS were the dominant grasses with the highest dry matter (DM) yield. The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate of the mixed natural grasses in both steppes were 8.02% to 9.03%, 66.75% to 69.47%, and 2.02% to 2.20% on a DM basis, respectively. All silages treated with LAB and cellulase were well preserved with lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia-N content, and higher lactic acid and CP content than those of control in four kinds of silages. Compared with CH- or AC-treated silages, the CH+ AC-treated silages had higher lactic acid content. Conclusion: The results confirmed that combination with LAB and cellulase may result in beneficial effects by improving the natural grass silage fermentation in both grasslands.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1129-1135
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• 2016

Whole-crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as forage has been extensively used in the world. In this study, the effects of N application rates on the yields, nutritive value and silage quality were investigated. The N application rates were 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg/ha. The research results indicated that the dry matter yield of whole-crop wheat increased significantly with increasing N rate up to 150 kg/ha, and then leveled off. The crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of whole-crop wheat increased significantly with increasing N up to 225 kg/ha, while they no longer increased at N 300 kg/ha. On the contrary, the content of various fibers tended to decrease with the increase of N application. The content of lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid in silages increased with the increase of N rate (p<0.05). The ammonia-N content of silages with higher N application rates (${\geq}225kg/ha$) was significantly higher than that with lower N application rates (${\leq}150kg/ha$). Whole-crop wheat applied with high levels of N accumulated more nitrate-N. In conclusion, taking account of yields, nutritive value, silage quality and safety, the optimum N application to whole-crop wheat should be about 150 kg/ha at the present experiment conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.836-842
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate potential benefits of intercropping of corn with runner bean for a smallsized farming system, based on land equivalent ratio (LER) and silage yield and quality of corn intercropped with runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in arid conditions of Turkey under an irrigation system. This experiment was established as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block, with three replications and carried out over two (consecutive) years in 2006 and 2007. Seven different mixtures (runner bean, B and silage corn sole crop, C, 10% B+90% C, 20% B+80% C, 30% B+70% C, 40% B+60%C, and 50% B+50%C) of silage corn-runner bean were intercropped. All of the mixtures were grown under irrigation. The corn-runner bean fields were planted in the second week of May and harvested in the first week of September in both years. Green beans were harvested three times each year and green bean yields were recorded each time. After the 3rd harvest of green bean, residues of bean and corn together were randomly harvested from a 1 $m^{2}$ area by hand using a clipper when the bean started to dry and corn was at the dough stage. Green mass yields of each plot were recorded. Silages were prepared from each plot (triplicate) in 1 L mini-silos. After 60 d ensiling, subsamples were taken from this material for determination of dry matter (DM), pH, organic acids, chemical composition, and in vitro DM digestibility of silages. The LER index was also calculated to evaluate intercrop efficiencies with respect to sole crops. Average pH, acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations were similar but lactic acid and ammonia-N levels were significantly different (p<0.05) among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn. Ammonia-N levels linearly increased from 0.90% to 2.218 as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio. While average CP content increased linearly from 6.47 to 12.45%, and average NDF and ADF contents decreased linearly from 56.17 to 44.88 and from 34.92 to 33.51%, respectively, (p<0.05) as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, but DM and OM contents did not differ among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn (p>0.05). In vitro OM digestibility values differed significantly among bean-corn mixture silages (p<0.05). Fresh bean, herbage DM, IVOMD, ME yields, and LER index were significantly influenced by percentage of bean in the mixtures (p<0.01). As the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, yields of fresh bean (from 0 to 24,380 kg/ha) and CP (from 1,258.0 to 1,563.0 kg/ha) and LER values (from 1.0 to 1.775) linearly increased, but yields of herbage DM (from 19,670 to 12,550 kg/ha), IVOMD (from 12,790 to 8,020 kg/ha) and ME (46,230 to 29,000 Mcal/ha) yields decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, all of the bean-corn mixtures provided a good silage and better CP concentrations. Even though forage yields decreased, the LER index linearly increased as the percentage of bean increased in the mixture up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, which indicates a greater utilization of land. Therefore, a 50:50 seeding ratio seemed to be best for optimal utilization of land in this study and to provide greater financial stability for labor-intensive, small farmers.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 hetero 발효유산균 첨가가 이탈리안 라이그라스 및 총체보리 사일리지의 사료가치 및 발효품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 사일리지 접종균주를 선발하기 위해 유산균 6종(L. plantarum IMAU 70164, L. acidophilus KACC 12419, L. casei KACC 12413, L. reuteri KCTC 3594, L. buchneri KACC 12416 and L. diolivorans KACC 12385)을 이용하였으며, 젖산 함량이 높은 L. casei KACC 12416와 프로피온산 함량이 높은 L. reuteri KCTC 3594을 최종 선택하여 사일리지를 제조하였다. 처리구는 대조구, L. casei 첨가구, L. reuteri 첨가구 및 L. casei, L. reuteri 혼합첨가구로 하여 30일, 45일 및 60일간 저장하였다. pH는 IRG 사일리지의 경우 유산균 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 낮았으며(p<0.05), 수분함량, 젖산 및 초산함량 또한 유산균을 첨가한 처리구에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 수용성 탄수화물의 함량은 L. casei KACC 12416와 L. reuteri KCTC 3594를 혼합배양한 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 프로피온산은 유산균을 접종한 총체보리에서 전 기간동안 높게 나타났으며, 반면에 사일리지 품질을 저해시키는 butyrate는 발효 60일의 대조구에서 측정되었다. 사일리지의 미생물 측정결과 IRG 사일리지 배양 60일에 유산균 첨가구에서 곰팡이가 억제되었으며, WCB 사일리지는 유산균을 첨가한 처리구에서 곰팡이가 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 연구 결과들로 볼 때, 단일 균주를 접종한 사일리지에 비해 co-culture (L. casei + L. reuteri)로 접종했을 때 사일리지 저장품질 개선에 보다 효과적이었으며, 혼합배양한 처리구가 청보리 사일리지내 높은 프로피온산을 생성하며 이는 사일리지의 품질개선에 도움을 주는 것으로 조사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1606-1610
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• 2002

The dynamics of fermentation were studied with Italian ryegrass ensiled in the laboratory silos. The silos were kept in the room set at 25$^{\circ}C$, and then were opened on 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after ensiling, respectively. The samples were taken from three silos at each sampling time for chemical analyses. Mono-and disaccharides composition was determined for glucose, fructose and sucrose by high performance liquid chromatography. The Italian ryegrass silage succeeded to achieve lactate type fermentation; high values of lactic acid (85.83 g/kg) and lactic acid/acetic acid at the end of ensiling (14 day), low values of pH (3.74), acetic acid (5.38 g/kg), ethanol (19.20 g/kg) and $NH_3-N/Total\;N$ (75.84 g/kg), no or only small amounts of butyric acid, valeric acid and propionic acid. The fermentation dynamics showed a fast and large pH decrease caused by a fast and large production of lactic acid during the first 5 days. Mono-and disaccharides composition largely decreased within initial 0.5 day (12 h) of ensiling. Sucrose disappeared rapidly within initial 0.5 day of ensiling, and fructose and glucose contents showed an initial rise during ensiling, and then decreased gradually. These indicated that the enzymes of plant tissue were active within 2 days of ensiling, which caused the initial rise in fructose and glucose from the hydrolysis of sucrose and fructans. After 5 days of ensilage, glucose was consumed completely, suggesting that glucose was the first fermentation substrate. After 2 days of ensiling, sum amounts of lactic acid and remaining mono-and disaccharides proved to be larger than the quantity of mono-and disaccharides in the initial grass. From the facts mentioned above, it was suggested that considerable amounts of lactic acid were produced from some other substrate such as fructans than initial mono-and disaccharides.