• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2006

Artificial induction of maturation by heating of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii (Schrenck) broodstock was investigated from 10th March to 21th May in 2004. Maturity at the fixed water temperature group of $23^{\circ}C$ was 60.5％, and it was the highest in maturity among experimental groups cultured for seven weeks. The proportions of organism surviving to start of S. broughtonii in the raised water temperature experimental groups (20 and $23^{\circ}C$) were over 90.5％, as similar to the control group (natural water temperature, 84.8％). But, the proportions of organism surviving to start of S. broughtonii in the fixed water temperature experimental groups (20, 23, and $26^{\circ}C$) were decreased with the increasing of the water temperature. In the fixed water temperature experimental groups of $26^{\circ}C$, the survival was 18.1％. Base on these results, the fixed water temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ (accumulated water temperature; $1,295^{\circ}C$) was the best condition for artificial induction of sexual maturation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1704-1711
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• 2012

Three mold strains, Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae), Aspergillus kawachii (A. kawachii), and Monascus purpureus (M. purpureus), were tested for fermentation of Acanthopanax senticosus (A. senticosus) leaf, root, stem, and fruit powders. The fermented A. senticosus materials were then tested for bioactive materials (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, mineral and fatty acid) and biological activities (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and tyrosinase inhibition activity). The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were NFASL at 4.11% and MPASL at 2.30%, respectively. Major minerals were Ca, K, Mg and Mn. Major fatty acids in fermented A. senticosus powders were palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids. DPPH radical scavenging activity was slightly stronger in non-fermented than in fermented A. senticosus. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was stronger in fermented A. senticosus than in NFAG. The Fe/Cu reducing powers were stronger in non-fermented A. senticosus than in any of the fermented A. senticosus materials. Overall, the study provides basic data for understanding the biological activities and chemical characteristics of A. senticosus fermented by molds for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2005

In Korea, none of the design methods, which can consider the properties of hard soil, weathered rock and the condition of construction, are suggested. Therefore, the properties of geomaterial are simply classified into three categories such as sand, clay and rock for the resistance estimation of axially loaded drilled shafts in Korea. However, in America, O'Neill et al.(1996) presented design methods for a new category of geomaterial which is between soil and rock termed "intermediate geomaterials, IGM's". And FHWA(1999) adapted above most complete classification of geomaterials in its design manual. However, in Korea, these properties are depended on the engineer's judgement, the weathered rocks may be counted as soils, although they may be referred to as IGM's in America. In this study, the applicability of IGM method was investigated through the two construction sites in Korea. For the comparison, two geomaterial properties are applied, respectively. The one was sound soil condition and the other was IGM condition and classical design method and IGM method were applied, respectively. The results showed that the predicted bearing capacities of drilled shafts with IGM's were larger than the predicted values by the classical design method with sound soil condition.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-74
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• 2004

We have conducted questionnaire and measured serum liver function tests on 153 patients whom have received a treatment at a local Oriental medicine clinic in Seoul from Sept. 1, 2002 to Dec. 31, 2002. Patients were categorized into the groups of control(10), decoction group(41), herbal group(5), western medicine group(45), and the group taking both herbal and western medicines(55) concurrently or separately. This study was conducted to investigate how these treatment methods can affect the liver functions. Following results were obtained : 1) Most of the research subjects were male(l03 individuals) living in large urban area, with drinking habit, highly educated, and with normal marriage. For the treatment history, 45 individuals received western medicine treatment(28.85%), 46 with Oriental medicine (29.49%), and 55 patients(35.26%) experienced both forms of treatment. 2) Measuring SD of serum liver functions for all the research subjects, T-protein was 6.95(0.73)g/dl, 4.07(0.51)g／dl for albumin, 0.44(0.19)mg／dl for T-bilirubin, 23.18(18.68)U／L for ALT, 27.42(27.43)U／L for AST, and 22l.27(64.58)mg／dl for LDH. 3) Among the research subjects with the liver functions outside of normal range were 0.64% for T-protein, 3.21% for T-bilirubin and ALT, 36.62% for AST, 0.64% for LDH, and none for Albumin. 4) Confusion variables which may affect the liver functions such as age, smoking, drinking, occupation, and residence were eliminated in calculation and no significant differences were witnessed between the control and experiment groups. 5) In measuring affects of treatment duration on the liver functions, no statistical significances were shown in multiple regression's ,${\beta}$(SE) values. 6) The values of odd ratio in the experiment groups compared to the control were in the range of $0.26(0.22){\sim}0.62(1.23)$. but T-bilirubin of the group receiving both Oriental and western medicine was 1.47(1.90) which showed statistical increase(p<0.001). 7) Factors affecting the liver functions are drinking volume per round duration of alcohol intake, western medicine treatment, gender, and age difference caused significant influences. 8) 57 individuals with serum liver functions out of normal range were mostly male, living in large urban area, median age of 38.89, with normal marriage, highly educated drinking less than once a week with less than 2 bottles per round, and with prior treatment in either western or Oriental medicine. Summarizing above results, we can carefully deduce that taking herbal medicine (both decoction and pills) or western medicine doesn't cause much affect in the liver functions. But taking two forms of medication simultaneously or altering dosage affect significant increase in the T-bilirubin level, thus one needs to take precaution when taking both. Further research is needed in this field to verify this evidence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.73-78
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 서울시 한강에 위치한 교량을 대상으로 다양한 조망점에 따른 경관조명의 물리량을 측정하고 그 특성을 분석함으로써 동일한 연구대상에 대하여 조망점이 달라졌을 때 나타나는 물리적 변화를 통해 경관조명분야의 물리량평가방법론의 새로운 접근방법론을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위하여 연구대상의 선정은 교량구조형식에 따라 분류하고. 경관조명이 설치된 교량 17개소 중 다양한 조망점과 현장측정의 편리성 등을 고려하여 광진교(거더교), 올림픽대교(사장교), 동작대교(트러스교), 동작대교(아치교)를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 조망점은 한강둔치를 이용하는 방문객들이 바라보는 투시뷰, 교량주변 건축물에서 바라보는 건물뷰 그리고 교량 위를 이동하면서 바라보는 주행뷰로 구분하였다. 이러한 연구방법으로 도출된 결과는 동일한 경관조명연출을 토대로 교량별 조망점에 따른 휘도측정 및 분석에서 측정되는 각도, 거리, 방향에 따라 정형화된 비율은 아니지만 휘도값에 있어서 차이가 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 투시뷰와 건물뷰는 동일한 교량 구성요소를 갖고 있어 상호간 비교 분석이 가능하고 경관조명평가 요소로서 그 기능을 담당 할 수 있다고 판단되며, 주행뷰는 교량형식과 가로등의 영향을 많이 받으므로 평가요소로써 조망점을 활용하기에는 조금 더 깊은 연구가 선행되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 경관조명을 평가함에 있어 다양하게 바라보는 조망점은 조명연출로 인한 시각적 인식에 차이를 유발시킬 수 있어 경관조명을 평가할 때 다양한 조망점의 설정이 보다 객관적이고 정확한 분석이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.ridinium의 분포는 chlorophyll-a농도와 밀접한 관련성이 있었다. 담수적조의 현존량은 상류지역에서 $8.5\;{\times}\;10^3\;cell\;mL^L{-1}$로서 많았고, 댐부근의 하류지역($4.4\;{\times}\;10^2\;cell\;mL^L{-1}$)으로 갈수록 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 또한, 담수적조의 원인종으로 규조류 Synedra acus와 남조류 Microcystis aeruginosa도 소량관찰되었다. 저수지의 수질 부영양화 현상은 기존 경사사면형 농경지를 기반으로 조성되었으므로 저층으로부터 풍부한 영양환경을 내재하고 있었고, 담수 초기에 발생할 수 있는 가능성을 포함하고 있었다. 또한 유입수량의 부족과 현재 수질개선을 위해 적용하고 있는 수중폭기시설등의 물리적인 영향도 직 ${\cdot}$ 간접적으로 작용하였을 것으로 추정되었다 따라서 향후 이에 대한 중장기적인 모니터링이 필요하였고 유역과 저수지의 통합적인 수질관리계획 이 요구되었다.group으로, 용존산소량, 전기전도도, pH, 인산염이 정점 3, 4, 5에서 같은 group으로 묶였다.유의적인 CAT 활성 증가효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 시토졸 1획분에서는 대조군 대비 15${\sim}$27%의 CAT 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 이상의 결과에서 목초액의 장기간 투여는 간조직 중의 활성산소의 억제효과뿐만 아니라 방어시스템으로서 활성산소 제거효소의 역할도 충실히 수행하여 노화를 효과적으로 예방하고 억제할 수 있을 것으로 기

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.62-73
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• 2014

This research was focused to apply response surface methodology for optimization of bio-methane production by biogas upgrading process. Methane concentration(Y1) and methane efficiency(Y2) on biogas upgrading process were mathematically described as being modeled by the use of the Box-Behnken design on response surface methodology. The results of ANOVA(analysis of variance) about models, the probability value of the methane concentration and methane recovery response surface model are 0.0001 and 0.0001, respectively and coefficient of determination($R^2$) are 0.9788 and 0.9710, respectively. The response surface model is proved of high reliability and suitability. The operation pressure had the greatest influence to methane concentration than other operation parameters and the PSA rotary valve velocity had the greatest influence to methane recovery than other operation parameters. Optimal condition of biogas upgrading process for production of $100Nm^3/hr$ bio-methane were operation pressure 8.0bar and outlet flow rate 31.55RPM, respectively. At that operation condition the methane concentration of bio-methane was 97.13% and methane recovery in biogas upgrading process was 75.89%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.142-162
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• 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea. Methods: We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups. Results: Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (${\geq}18.5kg/m^2$), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin $B_1$, $B_6$, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake. Conclusions: These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2005

There are normal inhabitants doing medically useful functions in the body. There are many kinds of bacteria performing specific functions in the oral cavity. Two strains of lactic add bacteria were isolated from normal inhabitants of children's oral cavity, which inhibited the production of volatile sulfur compounds by anaerobic bacteria. The authors identified the isolates by 16S rDNA partial sequencing. 1. Two isolates were Gram-positive bacilli and produced hydrogen peroxide. 2. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media, the mean weight of formed artificial plaque on the orthodontic wires was $124.4{\pm}30.4$ mg, whereas being reduced to $5.2{\pm}2.0$ mg and $10.6{\pm}6.6$ mg in the media cultured with Streptococcus mutans and each isolate, respectively(p<0.05). 3. The number of viable cells of Streptococcus mutans was $3.4{\times}10^9$ per ml in the cultured solution, whereas those of Streptococcus mutans in the combined culture with each of isolates were $4.6{\times}10^8$ and $2.4{\times}10^8$ per ml. 4. The optical density was 1.286 in the supernatant of Fusoacterium nucleatum after vortexing for 30 minutes, whereas in the supernatant of combined Fusoacterium nucleatum and each isolate, they were reduced to 0.628 and 00497, which the percentages of coaggregation between them were 2904% and 57.8%, respectively. 5. The optical density of Fusoacterium nucleatum precipitate was 1.794 in the culture media containing cysteine and $FeSO_4$ being reduced to 1.144 and 0.915 in the coaggregated precipitates of Fusoacterium nucleatum and each isolate. 6. The similarity values of 16S rDNA sequence between each of isolates and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius were 99.60% and 99.73%, respectively, meaning that isolates were Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius. These results indicated that two strains isolated from children's saliva, which inhibited the formation of plaque and the production of volatile sulfur compounds, were identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 2005

In order to investigate correlation between mother's dental ca re for her children and their dental caries, this study was conducted wi th the dental examination record of 365 children who showed the same number of questionnaires with those examined for dental conditions and questionnaires written by mothers among children between three and six years of age and their mothers in Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi province in June 2004 to estimate frequency and percentage of general properties of subjects and mother's oral health care behaviors for her children by research items, to carry out cross-tabulation analysis and correlation analysis following Chi-square distribution for the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and oral health care behaviors, and to use decision tree analysis among data mining techniques for those factors associated with the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth, and drew the following conclusions. 1. For mother's oral health care behaviors and attitudes for her children, 225 mothers(61.6%) confirmed their children's teeth-brushing; 278(76.2%) used no fluorine; and 286(78.6%) observed their children's teeth, 322 mothers(88.2%) instructed their children in teeth-brushing while 268 (73.4%) provided dental care, 232 mothers(63.7%) treated their children's cavity; 290(79.4%) believed that their children had good dental conditions; and 294(80.5%) answered that they began to provide their children with dental care in deciduous teeth. 2. As for the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and dental health care behaviors, there were statistically significant differences in employment, confirmation after teeth-brushing, teeth observation, instruction in time for teeth-brushing, use of fluorine, cavity treatment, time for dental care, and perception of dental conditions(p<0.05). 3. As for correlation between dental caries in deciduous teeth and oral health care behaviors, mothers who worked, who believed that their children didn't have good dental condition, and who thought that it was necessary to begin to provide dental care in permanent teeth were found to get their children to suffer from dental caries in deciduous teeth. Besides, those who failed to confirm teeth-brushing, who used no fluorine, and who failed to observe teeth and gave no instruction in time for teeth-brushing were shown to get their children to suffer from dental caries in deciduous teeth. 4. Variables to determine the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth were classified by cavity treatment, mother's employment, time for dental care, and observation of children's teeth. The first node to determine the presence of dental caries in deciduous teeth was found to be cavity treatment; the next criteria for classification after cavity treatment were shown to be mother's employment and time for dental care. In case of children with no cavity, they were found to be mother's employment and teeth observation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2009

The characteristics of physico-chemical factors and the species compositions of phytoplankton were investigated to analyze the marine ecosystem at the depths during summer in the coast of Dokdo (stations DOK1$\sim$3). The mean values of conductivity (32 mS cm$^{-1}$), total dissolved solids (45 mg L$^{-1}$), salinity (35.5 psu), total suspended solids (39 mg L$^{-1}$) were the highest in DOK1. The biomass (chl-${\alpha}$) of phytoplankton was the highest in the surface of station DOK1 (3.1 ${\mu}g$ L$^{-1}$). By means of physico-chemical factors (salinity, turbidity, chl-${\alpha}$, T-N, T-P and Si), the coast of Dokdo was estimated to be more polluted than the previous results in 2000. A total of 72 species in Dokdo were composed of 54 species (76.1%) for Bacillariophyceae and 13 species (18.3%) for Dinophyceae, 3 species (4.2%) for Chrysophyceae and 1 species (1.4%) for Cyanophyceae. The standing crops of phytoplankton were the highest (8.5 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 20 m of station DOK1, while they were the lowest (1.65 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 30 m of station 1. The dominance index was maximum (0.73) at 10 m of station DOK1 and was minimum (0.4) at 30 m of station 1. The diversity index was the highest (2.92) in the surface of station 2, while it was the lowest at 20 m (1.58). The dominant species of phytoplankton were Chaetoceros affinis (3.3 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 20 m, Climacosphenia moniligera (2.8 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 40 m and Melosira juergensii (1.7 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 10 m of station DOK1. At the surface of station DOK2, the dominant species were Bacillaria paxillifer and Richelia intracellularis (1.4 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$, respectively), while it was Paralia sulcata (1.6 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at the surface of station DOK3. The station DOKl, where affected by upwelling, turbulence and convection due to the East Korean Warm Current, was the most eutrophicated water body in three stations. The monitoring of marine ecosystem in the coast of Dokdo should be continued to show the alternatives for water and species conservation and to purify the eutrophicated water body due to artificial pollutants as well as physico-chemical factors by the global warming, the climatic change, CO$_2$ etc.