• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

In order to monitor the histological and general profiles of lung after direct expose of p,p-DDE, 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml of p,p-DDE were sprayed to male ICR mouse, and seven days after exposure, changes of body weight, lung weight, clinical signs, histological profiles of lung and total WBC in blood were investigated with changes of total cell number and their differential count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In the present study, a significant and dosage-dependent decrease of body weight was detected in p,p-DDE exposed groups and body weight gains during observational periods (7 days) were also significantly and dosage-dependently decreased in p,p-DDE exposed groups compared to that of vehicle control group. In addition general depression signs were detected in all p,p-DDE exposed groups with dosage-dependent manners, and lung weights were also increased in p,p-DDE exposed groups. Congestion, hemorrhage and severe exudate were observed in the lung of p,p-DDE exposed groups with sarcomatous changes and these signs were also showed by dosage-dependent manners. In addition, foreign body pneumonia signs were observed in the lung of p,p-DDE exposed groups in histological levels. The percentage of ALSA (Area of luminal surface of alveoli) was also significantly and dosage-dependently decreased in p,p-DDE exposed groups and total blood WBC and BALF cell numbers were significantly and dosage-dependently increased in p,p­DDE exposed groups compared to that of vehicle control group and increase percentage of neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte in BALF were monitored in p,p-DDE exposed groups compared to that of vehicle control group. In conclusion, severe allergic response and/or foreign body pneumonitic changes were induced by direct exposure of p,p-DDE containing beverage. So it is considered that strong and powerful regulation was need to control production of residence of environmental pollutant especially to p,p-DDE.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 1984

Agricultural soil samples collected from 121 sites (plastic film house 59, up-land 30 and orchard 32 sites) were evaluated by steam distillation and GLC-ECD analysis for organochlorine pesticides (${\gamma}-BHC$, heptachlor, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT) in Jeollanam-Do area. Total residues of organochlorine pesticide in orchard, plastic film house and up-land were 0.415, 0.234 and 0.156ppm, respectively. Ninety-four percent of total residue was p,p'-DDT and its homologues (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD). ${\gamma}-BHC$ was detected in all soil samples at $trace{\sim}0.050ppm$ range. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticide increased in the order of p,p'-DDE, ${\gamma}-BHC$, heptachlor, dieldrin, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.935-936
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• 2002

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

The MRLs (maximum residue limits) of DDT (DDD and DDE) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng are set as low as 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop a simple and highly sensitive analysis method, as well as to reduce interfering ginseng matrix peaks, for the determination of DDT isomers (o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The method used acetonitrile extraction according to simultaneous analysis, followed by normal-phase Florisil solid-phase extraction column clean-up. The purification method entailed the following steps: (1) dissolve the concentrated sample extract in 7 mL hexane; (2) add 3 mL of $H_2SO_4$; (3) vigorously shake on avortex mixer; (4) cetrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 min; (5) transfer 3.5 mL of the supernatant to the Florisil-SPE (500 mg/6 mL);and (6) elute the SPE column with 1.5 mL of hexane and 10 mL of ether/hexane (6:94). The determination of DDT isomers was carried out by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}$ECD). The hexane and ether/hexane (6:94) eluate significantly removed chromatographic interferences, and the addition of 30% $H_2SO_4$ to the acetonitrile extract effectively reduced many interfering ginseng matrix peaks, to allow for the determination of the DDT isomers at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The recoveries of the 6 fortified (most at 0.01 mg/kg) DDT isomers from fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng ranged from 87.9 to 99.6%. The MDLs (method detection limits) ranged from 0.003 to 0.009 mg/kg. Finally, the application of this method for the determination of DDT isomers is sensitive, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.980-990
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• 2003

The effect of Gamigyuibi-tang on the penile erection induced by apomorphine HCI and on the erectile dysfunction induced by p,p-DDE, an environmental hormone derivate of DOT, were monitored using male cats. The changes of penile length, diameter, erectic periods and histological profiles of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum were observed with blood testosterone levels. In conclusion, dose-dependent and significant increase of penile length, diameter, erectic periods and blood testosterone levels were detected in the Gamigyuibitang-dosing groups compared to other groups. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the increasement of congestion of blood vessels and dilation of connective tissues, and decreasement of adipocytes in the corpus cavernosum and/or corpus spongiosum of the Gamigyuibitang-dosing groups. According to these results, it is considered that Gamigyuibitang has some augmentation effect against to apomorphine HCI inducing penile erection and it also suggested that Gamigyuibitang has favorable effect to treatment of erectic dysfunctions induced by p,p-DDE.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.12-21
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• 1987

Residues of some organo-chlorine pesticides on 108 solis collected from 5 sites of Chungnam avea during March 20-April 6, 1986 were investigated. 12 different kinds of Chemical components were detected showing the highest detection frequency with P.P'-DDE(67.6%) and the lowest with Heptachlor(1.8%). 4 different chemicals, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDE showed their average contents in the soils of 0.001 ppm and 0.005ppm for ${\beta}-BHC$, respectively. On the other hand, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDT. O.P'-DDT and P.P'-DDD showed 0.002ppm for their average contents of residues, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.829-838
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• 2005

In order to investigate the residual amounts of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Korean human tissues (blood, adipose tissue, liver, kidney cortex, and lung), the samples were collected from the autopsied cadavers of 40 men and 40 women (from teens to seventies of age). ${\alpha}-BHC,\;{\beta}-BHC,\;{\gamma}-BHC,\;{\delta}-BHC$, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, endrin, dieldein, aldrin, and 7 marker PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) were determined in human tissues. The levels of organochlorines and PCB congeners indicated that they have been widely distributed in Korean human body. Positive correlations in terms of age were observed for the following cases: p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ${\Sigma}-DDT$, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, and ${\Sigma}-PCB$ in the adipose tissue, and p,p'-DDE in the lung. Concentration of these compounds showed a significant age-related increase. Accumulation of these compounds in aged people revealed that these compounds were more slowly eliminated in our environment and risk assessment was necessary for further proper action. Significant differences in the levels of PCBs between genders were found for PCB 118 in the adipose tissue and PCB 138 in the liver. Positive correlation coefficients between tissues were detected with p,p'-DDE and ${\beta}-BHC$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.1 s.85
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• pp.64-74
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• 2005

To develop the diet for Korean type 2 diabetic patients, a consumer survey was conducted (N=35) and was analyzed statistically. The survey compared the results of a questionnaire, somatometry, and blood parameters before and 8 weeks after the experiment. It was divided into Diabetic diet enforcement group (DDE) vs. Non diabetic diet enforcement group (NDDE). There was no significant difference in body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the subjects before and 8 weeks after the experiment. DDE's average fasting glucose (FBG) and post prandial 2 hours blood glucose (PP2) were significantly decreased before and after the experiment (p<0.05). NDDE's average FBG and PP2 showed no significant difference. In terms of Hemoglobin $A_lC\;(HbA_1C)$ content, DDE's had significantly decreased level both before and after the experiment (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the NDDE group. Cholesterol and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly different in DDE (p<0.05) both before and after the experiment. Whereas in the case of NDDE, there was no significant difference on the cholesterol and HDL-C, while DDE's showed a significant difference before and after the experiment. In terms of patients distribution depending on their treatment (p<0.05), NDDE had no significant difference before and after the experiment. For an item asking blood glucose control, DDE had significant difference before and after the experiment (p<0.01), while NDDE had no significant difference. For program satisfaction (p<0.05) and health (p<0.001), both the groups changed significantly after the experiment. But there was no significant difference in applying it to their real life after the experiment. Based on these results, DDE had the decreased blood glucose levels, $HbA_1C$, and cholesterol and increased HDL-C, with decreased rate of the patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents. In addition, many of the patients who participated in the experiment were found to be satisfied with the program, in terms of having less trouble in glucose control and exhibited improvement in health. Hence, based on the above results it was concluded that program was a very successful one for the treatment of diabetes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1986

After selecting four places in the main shellfish habitat, 118 items of the sample were collected in the mud flat from August to October in 1983, in order to analyze organochlorine pesticide residues by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The results obtained were summarized as follows; ${\alpha}-BHC,\;{\gamma}-BHC\;&\;PCNB,\;heptachlor,\;{\gamma}-endosulfan,\;{\beta}-endosulfan,$ p, p'-DDE, dieldrin, o, p'-DDT and p, p'-DDT were detected in the range from 2 to 98 percent and their levels of mean residues ranged from trace to 0.041ppm, in the order of ${\gamma}-BHC\;&\;PCNB,\;{\alpha}-BHC,\;heptachlor{\approx}{\alpha}-endosulfan{\approx}p, p`-DDE{\approx}dieldrin{\approx}{\beta}-endosulfan{\approx}$o, p'-DDT, and p, p'-DDT. The mean of total residues in regions was Kangjin(0.058ppm), Kwangyang(0.080ppm), Yoch'on (0.016ppm), and Yonggwang(0.75ppm). ${\gamma}-BHC\;&\;PCNB$ peak were separated by column packed with DC-200. PCNB was identified by making a PCA(pentachloroaniline), the reduced derivative of PCNB, and this confirmed that PCNB residues were detected in the soil sample.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2002

Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used intensively in agriculture or industry for a long time. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in the environment and subsequently in parts of the food chain, resulting in the intake of these compounds by man and animal. The measure of the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in tissues or blood of human populations are good markers in determining the extent of exposure and in the evaluating the hazards. So, most countriess have conducted initial monitoring programs to determine organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in human tissues. But a few report has been presented in Korea. In this study, $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC, $\delta$-BHC, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, endrin, dieldein, aldrin and 7 marker PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were determined in human blood, adipose tissue and liver tissues collected at autopsy of 10 men and 10 women, 13-79 year of age. Significant differences in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs between districts where they had lived were found in the following chemicals: total PCB in the blood : $\beta$-BHC, total BHC, p,p'-DDE and total DDT in the adipose tissue : p,p'-DDE, total DDT and PCB 118 in the liver. No significant difference was found in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs between sexes and ages. Though the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were relatively lower than that of other countries, we could know that organochlorine pesticides and PCBs have been widely distributed in Korean human body.