• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.206-212
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• 2007

Purpose: Heterotopic ossification is a well-known postoperative and post-traumatic complication of the elbow. We reviewed the treatment outcome for the use of low-dose radiation after surgical intervention of the elbow to prevent recurrence of heterotopic ossification (HO). Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients with HO underwent surgical intervention and postoperative radiotherapy of the elbow. The median age of the patients was 29 years ($16{\sim}75$ years), and 27 of the patients were men and 18 were women. The occurrence of HO was mainly due to surgery after fracture (24/45) and traumatic injury (21/45). Limitation of the range of motion (ROM) was the most common symptom of the patients. Thirty-four patients received postoperative radiotherapy with a dose of 8 Gy in 2 fractions; 5 patients received a dose of 10 Gy in 5 fractions and 6 patients received a dose of 7 Gy in 1 fraction. Postoperative radiotherapy was given on the first two postoperative days for most of the patients. Sixteen patients were not given anti-inflammatory medication and 29 patients were given NSAIDs for $1{\sim}8$ months. Results: After a median follow-up period of 18 months (range $6{\sim}72$ months), 41 patients showed clinical improvement and two patients did not show improvement. Assessment of the ROM showed a mean improvement from $0{\sim}135^{\circ}$ to $60{\sim}145^{\circ}$ (p=0.028), and assessment of the functional outcome according to MEPI was from ($15{\sim}95$) to ($80{\sim}100$) (p<0.0001). Two of the 34 patients that were followed-up with radiography had mild radiological recurrence of heterotopic ossification. No complications were observed after the radiotherapy. Conclusion: These results suggested that low-dose radiation administered after surgical intervention is safe and effective to prevent the recurrence of HO in the elbow.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2005

Fertilized eggs of Takifugu pardalis (Temminck et Schlegel) were collected on the coast of Jook-do in Tongyong, Korea, from March 1997 to June 1999, and hatched and reared in the laboratory to investigate osteological development of the larve and juveniles. The newly hatched larvae attained a mean of $3.13{\pm}0.05mm$ in total length (TL). Ossification first began in the parasphenoid, premaxillary and dentary. At 5 days after hatching, the postlarvae attained a mean of $3.82{\pm}0.03mm$ in TL, and their sphenotic, prefrontal, preopercle, opercle, maxillary, and articular were ossified. At 15 days, the postlarvae attained a mean of $7.84{\pm}0.06mm$ in TL, their nasal and posttemporal bones were ossified and the hyoid arch completed ossification. Ossification of all bones was completed in the juveniles (mean = $10.21{\pm}0.06mm$ in TL) at 21 days.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2005

Osteolgical development of Korean striped bitterling, Acheilognathus yamatsutae (Cyprinidae), were investigated using cartilage and bone staining. The parasphenoid, dentary, pterygoid, ceratohyal, branchial arch and parts of the caudal skeleton were formed first as cartilaginous elements at $6.82{\pm}0.08mm$ total length (TL). Formation of frontal, parietal, and maxillary were notable at $7.76{\pm}0.09mm$ TL, and the proximal radial, scapula,and coracoid in the pectoral girdle were developed at this stage. At the same time, the neural and hemal spine were present in the caudal vertebra. The opercle and branchiostegals were observed at $9.68{\pm}0,14mm$, and the posttemporal was formed at $12.9{\pm}40.64mm$ TL, respectively. Ossification in the parasphenoid, pharyngeal bone, dentary, premaxillary, maxillary, and opercle began at about $9.68{\pm}0.14mm$ TL. The cleithrum, supracleithrum, urostyle, and caudal fin were calcified at this stage. The vertebral column was formed and ossified at $11.52{\pm}0.13mm$ TL, and the frontal, preopercle, subopercle, and hyomandibular were ossified at $15.30{\pm}0.68mm$ TL. This fish was late in developing the skeletal formation and ossification as compared with other fishes.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2001

Matured adults of Siniperca scherzeri were collected from Soyangdam and Hongchun river, Gangwon-do, Korea. The fertilized eggs were hatched and reared in the laboratory of the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute. Osteological development of the larvae and juveniles of Siniperca scherzeri were investigated. Three days after hatching, the larva (6.12 mm in total length: TL) had partly ossified parasphenoid, clavicle, hyomandibular, preopercle, opercle and jaw bones with 7 to 8 canine teeth. The ascending process of premaxillary and ca 19 and 23 teeth on the premaxillary and dentary, respectively, were ossified at 10 days after hatching. Also at 10 days, the vertebral columns of the larvae (6.85 mm in TL) were posterioly ossified to the 5~7th vertebra, and ossification was completed in the juvenile (10.99 mm in TL) on the 22 nd day. Thus ossification began 3 days after hatching, and was completed 22 days after hatching.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

Objective : Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the thoracic spine may cause chronic compressive myelopathy that is usually progressive, and unfavorable by conservative treatment. Although surgical intervention is often needed, the standard surgical method has not been established. Recently, it has been reported that posterior decompression with dekyphosis is effective surgical technique for favorable clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes in patients with thoracic OPLL according to dekyphosis procedure and to identify predictive factors for the surgical results. Methods : A total of 25 patients with thoracic OPLL who underwent surgery for myelopathy from May 2004 to March 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with cervical myelopathy were excluded. We assessed the clinical outcomes according to various surgical approaches. The modified Japanese orthopedic association (JOA) scores for the thoracic spine (total, 11 points) and JOA recovery rates were used for investigating surgical outcomes. Results : Of the 25 patients, 10 patients were male and the others were female. The mean JOA score was 6.7±2.3 points preoperatively and 8.8±1.8 points postoperatively, yielding a mean recovery rate of 53.8±31.0%. The mean patients' age at surgery was 52.4 years and mean follow-up period was 40.2 months. According to surgical approaches, seven patients underwent anterior approaches, 13 patients underwent posterior approaches, five patients underwent combined approaches. There was no significant difference of the surgical outcomes related with different surgical approaches. Age (≥55 years) and high signal intensity on preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) image in the thoracic spine were significant predictors of the lower recovery rate after surgery (p<0.05). Posterior decompression with dekyphosis procedure was related to the excellent surgical outcomes (p=0.047). Dekyphosis did not affect the complication rates. Conclusion : In this study, our result elucidated that old age (≥55 years) and presence of intramedullary high signal intensity on preoperative MR images were risk factors related to poor surgical outcomes. In the meanwhile, posterior decompression with dekyphosis affected favorable clinical outcome. Posterior approach with dekyphosis procedure can be a recommendable surgical option for favorable results.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

Skeletal development in the oblong rockfish, Sebastes oblongus, was studied based on extensive larval rearing conditions from December 2007 to March 2008. Newly-hatched larvae lacked osteological elements. After 3 days of bearing, jaw bones were ossified almost simultaneously with the frontal, parietal, clavicle, opercle, preopercle and branchiostegal rays at 8.0 mm average total length (TL). Ossification of the opercular was completed by 12.3 mm and the full complement of ossified elements of cranium and pectoral girdle were completed by 16.2 mm. Ossification of the cartilaginous caudal complex began to at 9.8 mm, and completely ossified by 18.0 mm. The fusing of the first and second, and the third and fourth hypurals initially occurred by 10.8 mm, and their fusion was finally completed at 18.0 mm. Notochord flexion occurred and formed an individual centrum by 8.5 mm and 10.8 mm, respectively, and all 26 centra were ossified by 13.2 mm. The preorbital bone began to ossify on the anterior region of eye at 10.8 mm, and the $1^{st}$ suborbital bone appeared ossified on the lower of eye by 12.3 mm, and all elements were ossified at 27.5 mm. Finally, after 71 days of bearing, the juveniles became 27.5 mm, and ossification was completed at this stage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the amino acid and protein concentrations in amniotic fluid and the potency of the teratogenic effect of ethylenethiourea(2-imidazolidinethione, ETU) in the fetuses due to different dose amounts of this compound. The S.P.F. Sprague-Dawley female rats(10 weeks) were used in this study and these animals were divided into four groups; control group(25pregnant female rats), group I (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 10mg/kg/day), group II (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 30mg/kg/day), group III (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 50mg/kg/ day). 250mg/100mg ETU in group I, 750mg/100ml ETU in group II and 1,250mg/100ml ETU in group III were administered 4ml/kg 13.W by oral route. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The anomalies of the external examination werf meningocele in the head, kinky tail, clubfoot and sharp tail.(Meningocele, in group III, significantly increased from control value at p<0.001). 2. The skeletal variations and delayed ossification were Lumbar ribs, asymmetric sternebrae, asymmetric 13th rib and delayed ossification of skull. Asymmetric sternebrae(group III ) was significantly increased from control value at p<0.05 and delayed ossification of skull (group II and III ) were significantly increased from control value at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively. 3. The internal soft tissue anomalies were hydroencephaly of 3th lateral ventricle, dilatation of ureter, dilatation of renal pelvis and cleft palate. (Hydroencephaly, 28.1% in group I, 88.3% in group II and 100% in group III ). 4. Protein values in amniotic fluids are not significantly decreased in 10mg/kg group but significantly(p<0.05) decreased in 30mg/kg group and 50mg/kg group from control group. 5. In the levels of amino acid in amniotic fluids, the levels of glntamic acid, iso-lencine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine of 10mg/kg group are significantly decreased from control group. In 50mg/kg group, except for glycine, valine and methionine, all amino acid levels are significantly(p<0.05) decreased from control group.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2005

Objective : There is hardly case report in oriental Medicine about the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL). We experienced a patient(64-year-old male) with OPLL improved by oriental Medicine treatment, and we report it clinically. Methods : While the patient with OPLL was treated acupuncture, physical therapy, and CHUNA manual therapy, we evaluated the patient's symptoms and function by visual analogue scale(VAS), clinical criteria for evaluation of the cervical myelopathy by the japanese orthopaedic association(JOA Score) and cervical spine's range of motion(ROM) in three limes for the 17 days that were a hospitalization period. Results : VAS, JOA score and ROM in OPLL patient were improved. VAS in symptoms became lower from 10 to 5. JOA score increased from 12 points to 13 points. As for the ROM, it was improved in 30.1%. Conclusion : Oriental medicine treatment may be effective in conservative treatment of OPLL. We propose that more clinical studies and reaches are accomplished in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 2017

Objective : Several surgical methods have been reported for treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the thoracic spine. Despite rapid innovation of instruments and techniques for spinal surgery, the postoperative outcomes are not always favorable. This article reports a minimally invasive anterior decompression technique without instrumented fusion, which was modified from the conventional procedure. The authors present 2 cases of huge beak-type OPLL. Patients underwent minimally invasive anterior decompression without fusion. This method created a space on the ventral side of the OPLL without violating global thoracic spinal stability. Via this space, the OPLL and anterior lateral side of the dural sac can be seen and manipulated directly. Then, total removal of the OPLL was accomplished. No orthosis was needed. In this article, we share our key technique and concepts for treatment of huge thoracic OPLL. Methods : Case 1. 51-year-old female was referred to our hospital with right lower limb radiating pain and paresis. Thoracic OPLL at T6-7 had been identified at our hospital, and conservative treatment had been tried without success. Case 2. This 54-year-old female with a 6-month history of progressive gait disturbance and bilateral lower extremity radiating pain (right>left) was admitted to our institute. She also had hypoesthesia in both lower legs. Her symptoms had been gradually progressing. Computed tomography scans showed massive OPLL at the T9-10 level. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar spine demonstrated ventral bony masses with severe anterior compression of the spinal cord at the same level. Results : We used this surgical method in 2 patients with a huge beaked-type OPLL in the thoracic level. Complete removal of the OPLL via anterior decompression without instrumented fusion was accomplished. The 1st case had no intraoperative or postoperative complications, and the 2nd case had 1 intraoperative complication (dural tear) and no postoperative complications. There were no residual symptoms of the lower extremities. Conclusion : This surgical technique allows the surgeon to safely and effectively perform minimally invasive anterior decompression without instrumented fusion via a transthoracic approach for thoracic OPLL. It can be applied at the mid and lower level of the thoracic spine and could become a standard procedure for treatment of huge beak-type thoracic OPLL.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 2022

Objective : The ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is one of the major causes of thoracic myelopathy. Surgical decompression with or without instrumented fusion is the mainstay of treatment. However, few studies have reported on the added effect of instrumented fusion. The objective of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes between surgical decompression without instrumented fusion (D-group) and that with instrumented fusion (F-group). Methods : A retrospective review was performed on 28 patients (D-group, n=17; F-group, n=11) with thoracic myelopathy due to OLF. The clinical parameters compared included scores of the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), the Visual analogue scale of the back and leg (VAS-B and VAS-L), and the Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (K-ODI). Radiological parameters included the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), the pelvic tilt (PT), the sacral slope (SS), the thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA), the segmental kyphosis angle (SKA) at the operated level, and the lumbar lordosis angle (LLA; a negative value implying lordosis). These parameters were measured preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and 2 years postoperatively, and were compared with a linear mixed model. Results : After surgery, all clinical parameters were significantly improved in both groups, while VAS-L was more improved in the F-group than in the D-group (-3.4±2.5 vs. -1.3±2.2, p=0.008). Radiological outcomes were significantly different in terms of changes in TKA, SKA, and LLA. Changes in TKA, SKA, and LLA were 2.3°±4.7°, -0.1°±1.4°, and -1.3°±5.6° in the F-group, which were significantly lower than 6.8°±6.1°, 3.0°±2.8°, and 2.2°±5.3° in the D-group, respectively (p=0.013, p<0.0001, and p=0.037). Symptomatic recurrence of OLF occurred in one patient of the D-group at postoperative 24 months. Conclusion : Clinical improvement was achieved after decompression surgery for OLF regardless of whether instrumented fusion was added. However, adding instrumented fusion resulted in better outcomes in terms of lessening the progression of local and regional kyphosis and improving leg pain. Decompression with instrumented fusion may be a better surgical option for thoracic OLF.