• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment duration and adherence of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) methylphenidate for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : A total of 843 children with ADHD were recruited : 213 children (25.3%) who had previously taken medications for ADHD and 630 drug-na$\ddot{i}$ve children (74.7%) were recruited. The dosage was adjusted according to the clinician's judgment. The primary efficacy endpoint of this study was treatment retention rate, which was estimated at Week 12 and Week 20 using the Kaplan-Meier curve. The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV), Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and the side effect rating scale were measured at every visit. Remission rates were presented based on SNAP-IV and CGI-S, respectively. Results : The treatment retention rate at 12 weeks and at 20 weeks was 76.2% and 66.8%, respectively. Divided according to 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-18 years of age, younger children tended to show a statistically higher treatment retention rate (p=.02). Based on SNAP-IV and CGI scores, children with better response to medication showed tendencies of statistically higher treatment retention rate. The most common adverse events included loss of appetite (7.1%) and insomnia (3.3%). There was no serious adverse event related to the treatment, such as death. Conclusion : The use of OROS methylphenidate for treatment of ADHD was safe and tolerable for children. In this study, lower age and better treatment response showed a statistically significant relationship with higher treatment adherence. Boys showed a trend of high treatment adherence. The treatment adherence at 20 weeks was satisfactory, however, the treatment adherence after 20 weeks showed a sharp decrease. Therefore, treatment persistence for six months after the beginning of ADHD treatment is important. In addition, the positive role of psycho-education for children and parents is necessary for increasing treatment adherence.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 1987

As a process to establish an effective preventive measure of V. vulnificus septicemia, bactericidal effect of distilled water against V. vulnificus was studied. When about $2.0{\times}10^7\;CFU/ml$ of V. vulnificus was inoculated in distilled water, a dramatic decrease in the number of viable bacteria by 5 to $6LOG_{10}$ was observed in 5 minutes. Bactericidal kinetic curves could be divided into the first rapid killing phase until 1 minute and the later slow killing phase after then, showing the heterogeneity of the bacterial population inoculated. When V. vulnificus was inoculated in saline solutions having various salinities, significant decrease in the number of viable bacteria was noted only at salinities under 0.2%. The higher was the concentration of NaCl, the greater was the degree of protection against osmotic shock. When glucose, NaCl, $MgCl_2$, and $CaCl_2$ were diluted with deionized water to give same osmolarities and V. vulnificus was inoculated in each of them to compare the bactericidal curves plotted during the first 5 minutes after inoculation, the protection efficiencies were in the order of $MgCl_2>CaCl_2{\gg}NaCl{\gg}glucose$. Above results indicate that treatment(or thorough washing) of contaminated sea animals or other products with distilled water can be used as a preventive measure of V. vulnificus septicemia, and divalent cations can protect V. vulnifcus to osmotic shock with high efficiency.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.209-216
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The objectives of this study are to classify chronic subdural hematomas based on brain computerized tomographic scan (CT scan) findings and to determine the mechanism of evolution and treatment methods. Methods: One hundred thirty-nine patients who were diagnosed with a chronic subdural hematoma and who available for follow up assessment 6 months post-surgery were analyzed retrospectively. The presence of trauma and past medical history were reviewed and evaluation criteria based on brain CT scan findings were examined. Results: Initial brain CT scans revealed a chronic subdural hematoma in 106 patients, a subdural hygroma in 24 patients, and an acute subdural hematoma in 9 patients. In all cases where the initial acute subdural hematoma had progressed to a chronic subdural hematoma, final was a hypo-density chronic subdural hematoma. In case where the initial subdural hygroma had progressed to a chronic subdural hematoma, the most cases of hematoma were hyper-density and mixed-density chronic subdural hematoma. In total, 173 surgeries were performed, and they consisted of 97 one burr-hole drainages, 70 two burr-hole drainages and 6 craniotomies. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that rebleeding and osmotic effects are mechanisms for enlarging of a chronic subdural hematoma. In most cases, one burr-hole drainage is a sufficient for treatment. However, in cases of mixed or acute-on-chronic subdural hematomas, other appropriate treatment strategies are required.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.192-196
• /
• 2004

In order to measure cellular physiological activity including ion channel activity, protoplasts were isolated from the root tissue of tomato plant. The general methods recommended were not efficient enough to make protoplasts from the root tissue. Among various conditions tested, we found that a two-step treatment of osmosis is very efficient for the isolation of protoplasts. In this procedure, root tissues were preincubated in a solution containing 300 mM sorbitol for 30 min. Then, they moved to the reaction solution containing 700 mM sorbitol as well as cell wall-digesting enzymes. The formation of protoplast was greatly increased by this method. In order to find the optimal condition of the two-step method, various conditions of pH, osmotic pressure, incubation time, and the concentrations of cell wall-digesting enzymes were tested. The yield of protoplast isolation was maximal at pH 5.0 after 2 hr incubation. Mixed enzymes of 3% cellulase, 1 % macerozyme, and 0.1 % pectolyase showed maximal protoplast isolation. The physiological activity of isolated protoplast evaluated by measuring the cellular ATPase activity was as high as that measured from the preparation of root tissue. The protoplasts isolated by this method were remained healthy up to 4 hrs which is enough time to measure the cellular physiological activity. These results show that the two-step treatment of osmotic pressure was successful to obtain high yield of healthy protoplast from tomato root tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1100-1111
• /
• 2011

Two experiments under sham feeding conditions were conducted to determine whether or not ruminal distension brought about by feed boluses entering the rumen is a factor in the marked suppression of feed intake after 40 min of feeding. In experiment 1, a comparison was made between the intraruminal insertion of a water filled balloon (RIB) treatment and normal control (non-insertion of a balloon, NIB). In experiment 2, saliva lost due to sham feeding conditions was replenished via an intraruminal infusion of iso-osmotic artificial saliva. A comparison of dry forage intake was then conducted between the intraruminal replenishment of iso-osmotic artificial saliva and insertion of a balloon (RRIAS-RIB) treatment, and the intraruminal replenishment of iso-osmotic artificial saliva and non-insertion of a balloon (RRIAS-NIB) control. In experiment 1, eating rates in the RIB treatment 30 min after the commencement of feeding tended to be lower than those in the NIB control. In comparison with the NIB control, cumulative dry forage intake in the RIB treatment was 29.7% less (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The secreted saliva weight in the NIB control and the RIB treatment during the 2 h feeding period was 53.2% and 60.9% total weight of the boluses, respectively. In experiment 2, eating rates in the RRIAS-RIB treatment 30 min after the commencement of feeding was significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the RRIAS-NIB control. Cumulative dry forage intake in the RRIAS-RIB treatment was a significant 45.5% less (p<0.05) compared with that in the RRIAS-NIB control upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The secreted saliva weight in the RRIAS-NIB control and the RRIAS-RIB treatment during the 2 h feeding period was 54.1% and 64.2% total weight of the boluses, respectively. The level of decrease in dry forage intake in the RRIAS-RIB treatment of experiment 2 was larger than that in the RIB treatment of experiment 1. In the present experiments, due to the sham feeding conditions, the increases in osmolality of ruminal fluid and plasma, and a decrease in ruminal fluid pH which are normally associated with feeding were not observed. The results indicate that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period is related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.848-852
• /
• 2011

The aim of our study was to develop drying process of apple slice. Quality characteristics of apple slices dried by hot-air and freeze drying after osmotic dehydration was investigated in different sucrose solution (20, 40, $60^{\circ}Brix$) and steeping time (2, 4, 8 hours). The weight of apple slice before and after osmotic dehydration was measured for characteristic of mass transfer. Consequently, osmotic dehydration increases weight reduction, water loss and solid gain of apple slice as the concentration of the sucrose solution and steeping time increased. Moisture contents of apples slices dried hot-air and freeze were about 3 to 7%. Hunter color L, a, b value was lower than non-treatment to osmotic dehydration of apple slice. In hot-air drying, L value decreased as the concentration of the sucrose solution and steeping time increased. The hardness increased as the concentration of the sucrose solution and steeping time increased. Contents of monosaccharide (glucose, fructose) decrease by osmotic dehydration but sucrose increased. In comparison with hot-air drying, freeze drying was high in contents of free sugar.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.372-376
• /
• 1998

Internal mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of gingers in sugar solution was examined as a function of concentration, temperature and immersion time of those solutions using moisture loss, sugar gain, molality and rate parameter. Influence of osmotic dehydration on browning reaction and texture properties of air dried rehydrated was also evaluated. Increasing the concentration and temperature of sugar solutions increased moisture loss, sugar gain, molality and rate parameter. Water loss and sugar gain were rapid in the first 3 min and then changed gentle slope. Moisture loss during osmotic dehydration using a sugar solution $(60\;Brix,\;80^{\circ}C)$ with 18 min immersion time was 40.05 g moisture/100 g wet ginger which was 52% reduction of initial moisture content in ginger (83.02%, wet basis). The changes of rate parameter were more affected by temperature than by concentration of sugar solution. Minimum browning degree (O.D.=0.027) was carried out by osmotic dehydration in sugar solution $(40\;or\;50\;Brix,\;80^{\circ}C)$ with 15 min immersion time compared to control (O.D.=0.132). Influence of osmotic dehydration on puncture forces of 3 min rehydrated ginger in boiling water were $22{\sim}34%$ of reduction, while blanching treatment had not affected compared to those of control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.90 no.4
• /
• pp.524-534
• /
• 2001

The pressure-volume curve parameters were investigated to elucidate the effects of shading treatment on the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono and Prunes sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shading treatments. The osmotic potentials at full turgor(${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$) measured under full sunlight changed with species and growing season in the ranges of -1.04~-1.27MPa, -1.03~-1.48MPa, -0.94~-1.44MPa in first year treatment, and -0.90~-1.37MPa, -1.05~-1.79MPa, -0.99~-1.30MPa in second year treatment in June, July, and September, respectively. The osmotic potentials at full turgor increased with increment of shading level in the ranges of -0.90~-1.79MPa in full sunlight and -0.58~-1.23MPa in nearly full shading level(E) through the growing seasons in all the species studied. The osmotic potentials at turgor loss point(${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$) measured in full sunlight changed in the ranges of -1.64~-2.11MPa, -1.67~-2.15MPa, -1.47~-2.11MPa, and -1.45~-2.04MPa, -1.30~-2.00MPa, -1.28~-2.33MPa in June, July, and September of first and second years, respectively. Most of ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ measurements were lower within about 0.5MPa in comparison with those of ${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$. The measurements of ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ also increased with increment of shading level, and the differences in ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ among shading levels were generally greater than those in ${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$ by species and by growing season. Most of the osmotic potentials at turgor loss point as like as at full turgor were lowered in July than in June and September. The measurements of relative water content at turgor lass point(RWCp) in full sunlight were in the similar ranges of 81~88%, 71~86%, 75~84%, and 82~87, 72~84%, 76~86% in June, July, and September of first and second years, respectively. The RWCp were a little higher in A. mono and P. sargentii than in B. platyphylla var. japonica, B. schmidtii, and Z. serrata. The RWCp also decreased from 71~88% in full sunlight to 48~77% in nearly full shading treatment with increment of shading level. Even if there were some exceptions by species or by growing season, the shading effects on the changes in some P-V parameters were distinctly observed in the present study. The change in P-V parameters following shading treatment may be presumably inferred on the changes in solute accumulation, membrane elasticity, symplasmic water volume, and so on. But much more experiments should be necessarily continued for getting detailed informations on the physiological mechanism of shading effects relating to the changes in P-V parameters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.390-399
• /
• 2010

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values for utilizing them to detect osmotic tolerance in plants were examined with two different soybean cultivars, an osmotic tolerant soybean (Shinpaldalkong 2) and a control soybean (Taekwangkong). Two different stresses were applied to the cultivars as the restricted irrigations of 200 and 50 ml water $pot^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ for 5 days for a control and a drought stress, respectively, and a sodium chloride solution of 200 mmol for 6 days for a salt stress. The intact leaves of the two cultivars after treatment were used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (${\Phi}_{PSII}$), $CO_2$ assimilation rate ($P_N$), and NPQ. Leaf water potentials of the two cultivars decreased from - 0.2 to - 0.8MPa by a drought treatment and from - 0.7 to - 1.7MPa by a salt treatment. Leaf water content of Shinpaldalkong 2 after a salt treatment was less decreased than that of Taekwangkong. $F_v/F_m$ values of both cultivars were not changed, while ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and $P_N$ were decreased proportionally to leaf water potential decrease. The response of NPQ was occurred in Shinpaldalkong 2 under the drought and salt stresses. With Taekwangkong cultivar, only drought stress referred NPQ response. The cultivar differences on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were found in the relationships between ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and $P_N$, and between NPQ and ${\Phi}_{PSII}$. Although the positive relationships between ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and $P_N$ were established on all treatments of both cultivars, the decreasing rate of ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ to $P_N$ was smaller in Shinpaldalkong 2 than Taekwangkong. The NPQ was increased according to the decrease of ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ by osmotic treatments in Shinpaldalkong 2. The complementary relationships between NPQ and ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ were well maintained at all treatments in Shinpaldalkong 2, while these relationships were lost at a salt treatment in Taekwangkong. Taken together, the results suggest that analysis of complementary relationships between ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and NPQ could be more valuable and applicable for determining osmotic tolerance than single analysis of each parameter such as $F_v/F_m$, ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and NPQ.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.1283-1287
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to develop new processed food from cherry tomatoes. The dried cherry tomatoes were prepared by using a sequence of osmotic dehydration, air drying, vacuum drying and freeze drying. The moisture contents of dried cherry tomato products by nontreatment and osmosis treatment were about 11~13% and 7.5~ 10%, respectively. The vitamin C contents of the dried product after osmotic dehydration were higher than those of the dried products by nontreatment. The vitamin C content of the freezing dried product was the highest of the others. The vacuum dried product by nontreatment was retained color of fresh fruit in the change of color. The ΔE value of the air dried product was lower than those of the others. As a result to microscopic analysis, fresh cherry tomato was observed regular tissue, while cherry tomato treated by osmosis was observed a cell collapse following the loss of water. The dried product had cell shrinkage and dense tissue. And the cell wall of dried products after osmotic dehydration were much more damage than those of nontreatment dried product. The palatability of the air dried product was the best of three drying methods. The dried cherry tomatoes treated by osmosis were superior to the dried cherry tomatoes by nontreatment.