• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.143-157
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to review domestic and foreign origin labeling system in order to implement origin labeling system in the perspective of protecting the interests of consumers, and to suggest governmental improvements by analyzing problems embedded in current labeling system. The results analysis show complexity of related legal system, lack of expertise at the stage of labeling, and inefficiency of crackdown authority. The improvement could be suggested in two ways: supporting plans for the ones who have duty of labeling and improvement plans in origin management system. As supporting plans, we suggest the need for an automatic origin determination system, appropriate education on origin stakeholders, and introduction of origin certification system. For improvement plans, there are unification of country of origin labeling related laws, utilization of FTA product specific rules, and QR code, expert confirmation system. Since the origin labeling issue has become important, proactive and quick responses must follow with thorough examination the effect of the origin labeling on consumer welfare.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.493-518
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• 2011

The term rules of origin(RoO) actually speaks for itself, referring to the rules which determine the origin of goods in international trade. The importance of RoO has grown significantly as preferential agreements expand and countries have treated similar imported goods differently according to where the product was made. The purpose of this paper is to study the main case study and its implication of RoO in FTAs. According to survey, the degree of using FTAs in Korea export firms is sharply low. Major reasons are that rules of origin differ from country to country in the FTAs, and that Korean firms have yet to work out what the RoO are. Chapter II of this paper views criteria of the determination country of origin of goods. Chapter III introduces the main case study of FTA rules of origin. Chapter VI presents implication through the case studies and finally concluded this study. In conclusion, Korea needs to build up its own position for rules of origin and provides rules of origin experts into the market. In-depth study and evaluation about Korea's existing FTAs RoO should be carried out to prepare for future FTAs.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2014

This study is about determination of fire origin by using analysis of shadow that was recorded CCTV data at the fire scene. This analysis is based on straight and radiate nature of light. At fire experiment with about 1m flame, we conformed that 2-dimensional extension line is focused at the bottom of the fire. If the fire is burning at the same level with shadow, it indicate the point of origin exactly. In 3-dimensional analysis that connect extensional line between distinctive points the shadow and the objet, the line focused in the ${\emptyset}$ 50cm-circle. We estimate the reason of that is because of the character of combustion of gases. The line indicate not the point of origin but the flame that is over the point of origin. thus, you have to consider the line indicate the flame when you do 3-dimensional analysis.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제57권
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• pp.221-241
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• 2013

Country of origin is very important in terms of consumers right to know, protection of producer, national finance and tariff preference etc. The principal issues related to country of origin are breaches of origin mark, determination of origin of OEM products, domestic products using imported raw materials, exports products, and fairness of penalties. This study focus origin mark issues on key components and set products which have not been treated so far. First, Origin mark issues on key components need to introduce multiple countries of origin for the same products. Some specific products, which are considered important key components or materials, has to mark multiple country of origin in terms of portion and significance. Next, Origin mark issues on set products need to expand the objects from 15 listed items of Korea Foreign Trade Act to all items of HS tariff schedules of Korea Customs Act. A set products which below 15% of components can mark single country of origin like FTA agreement such as Korea-EU FTA, Korea-EFTA, Korea-US FTA and Korea-Peru FTA.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-24
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• 1999

Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important seasoning in Korea and most korean consumer tend to eat the korean sesame seed as the best than other ones produced in oriental countries such as China and Japan. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied for discrimination according to geographical origin (Korea, China and so on) of sesame seeds. Near-infrared spectroscopy among the many kinds of techniques could provide a rapid screening, low cost solution to discriminate geographical origin of sesame seed. The objective of this study is to determine if NIR technique could be used to discriminate between the korean sesame seed and non-korean sesame seed by using the new method. Rapid, precise and nondestructive analysis method for determination of the geographic origin of sesame seeds were discriminated relative accurately according to geographical origin using PLS regression method.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.565-569
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• 1998

An HPLC method was developed to resolve the enantiomers of shikonin derivatives of the Lithospermi Radix. The optimum mobile phase on a Chiracel AD column was 5% isopropanol in n-hexane with folw rate of 1 ml/min. Establishment of this method made possible to determine the ratios of shikonin/acetylshikonin or alkanin/acetylalkanin in the same root. The correlation of the ratios of these substance pairs appeared characteristic for the country where they were originated from. All of the Korean species showed significantly higher ratios of shikonin/acetylshikonin and alkanin/acetylalkanin than the Chinese ones. this method would be useful to determine the orgin of Lithospermi Radix.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.203-219
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• 2019

Recently, the Trump administration initiated a new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that strengthened NAFTA's rules of origin to enhance protectionism while maintaining the framework of trade agreements rather than completely abolishing them. This study focuses on the behavior of firms motivated to influence the government to practice protectionist trade by analyzing the rules of origin verification and adopting the political economics model. This paper explains the process of endogenous determination of the stringency of rules of origin verification as a non-tariff barrier using the lobbying model. Comparative static analysis shows that the more efficient technology a domestic firm has and the more government prefers to raise political contribution, the more is verification likely to be strict. This suggests that a rationale exists to maintain a free trade agreement in the form of the new agreement (USMCA) without abolishing the current NAFTA regime.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Purpose - This study deals with a strategic plan for meeting the value added criteria effectively, which is one of the methods of determining origin used in preferential trade such as FTA. Automobile products, one of the major Korean export items, were selected to give a practical use against the FTA requirements. Design/methodology - This study is based on the value-added criteria of the Korea-US and Korea-EU FTAs that apply various value-added criteria. The Korea-US FTA adopts the RVC method based on the integration, deduction and net cost methods, while the MC method is employed in the Korea-EU FTA. The methodology used in this work is an extended literature review, analysis of the value-added criteria applied to automobile products under Korea-US and Korea-EU FTA with some secondary statistics. Findings - Based on in - depth analysis of the value - added criteria requirements for automobile products stipulated in the Korea - US FTA and the Korea - EU FTA, two strategic considerations are suggested. First is 'appropriate value-added strategy' and the second is 'strategy of changing production and trade structure'. The second strategy is a bit used in Korea but this is not considered best if the first strategy is ignored or forgotten. The second one is meaningful when this becomes inevitable. Research limitations/implications - This study is primarily designed to assist Korean auto mobile industry players exporting to EU and USA but this may help to auto part or material producers in FTA counter party territories being EU or USA as the preferential tariffs are applied on a inter region basis. A further research other than auto mobiles using other major FTAs might be followed later. Originality/value - There has been so far little research on strategic factors to meet the value-added origin requirements. This study, therefore, is expected to contribute facilitating the decision of FTA origin and to improve the utilization of FTA by allowing exporting companies using value added criterion to more smoothly meet origin requirements. This will also enable the tax authorities to utilize the value-added criterion to validate effectively the origin of imports where preferential tariffs are applied.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to present the possibility of an alternative production base for clothing business of South Korea through the analysis about textile/clothing industry production activities in the Gaeseong industrial complex. It is necessary for the Gaeseong industrial complex to cope with the issue about FTA and country of origin, manpower supply and demand, paying wages and labor productivity, the exclusive industrial complex of clothing. The Country of Origin on imports and exports tells the country of manufacture or production, where the product comes from. Rules of Origin are the special regulations to determine the country of origin of a product and exist in the forms of international law, legislation, precedent and administrative decisions. But the economy in the North and the Gaeseong industrial complex is a comparative advantage combined with elements of North-South interdependence as a South-North economic cooperation business and can contribute significantly to the stabilization of the North-South relations. Among the models using criteria of the determination of origin, it has directly provided the models of general regulation for offshore products, of limited offshore products. These models are to help Korean exporters in understanding and utilizing the Rules of Origin for their manufacturing. In addition, the development of the Gaeseong industrial complex will contribute to establish peace on the Korean peninsula as well as in Northeast Asia. Also economic cooperation between South and North Koreas is essential for peace and prosperity of the Korean people.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.447-470
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• 2012

원산지란 국제간의 교역에서 다루어지고 있는 모든 물품에 대한 국적을 나타내는 규정으로서 각국은 원산지 규정을 법 또는 제도로서 운영관리하며 산업재산권 보호차원에서 접근하고 있다. 최근 경제지도를 확대하기 위한 일환으로 확산되고 있는 FTA 협정에서 원산지규정은 매우 복잡한 절차와 이해를 필요로 하는 분야로 국가 간 협상의 최대 쟁점이 되고 있으며 우리나라의 경우 한 칠레 FTA를 시작으로 동시다발적으로 추진된 FTA 협정에서 원산지 기준은 각 협정별 차이로 인해 일관성이 결여되고 국가 간 협상이 쉽지 않은 분야이다. 특히 농업부문의 원산지 기준은 다른 재화와는 다른 농산물의 특성이 반영되어야 하며, 각 품목별 특성을 고려해야하는 분야이다. 기 체결된 협정문에서 다루어진 원산지 기준에 대한 충분한 검토와 품목별 비교를 통해 향후 추진되고 있는 FTA 협정체결과정에서 농업부문에 적용할 수 있는 시사점을 제공하는 것은 매우 큰 의미가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기체결 FTA 협정에서 농업부문의 원산지결정 기준에 대하여 칠레, 미국, ASEAN 그리고 EU와의 FTA 협정을 중심으로 검토하고 각각의 특징을 분석하여 향후 추진되는 FTA에서 활용될 수 있는 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.