• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.175-194
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• 1979

The soil organic matter contents in arable land are generally low in Korea. Thus it is generally agreed that the application of organic materials to soils would be much beneficial. Present paper is a review on the effectiveness of organic mat ter application in uplands and lowlands. 1. The effect of organic matter application in uplands are of more clear and simple to explain as compared to that in lowlands. In uplands, appropriate application of organic matters such as compost and various crops residues improves the physical properties of soils leasing to increased water holding capacity, better aeration, and decrease in soil erosion. 2. In lowland, rice soils under water logged conditions the effect of organic matter application on rice yield is not straight borward and demands more refined knowledges for the interpretation of it. 3. It is found that the application of compost in rice soils is more effective when nitrogen fertilizer application is limited it dicating that nitrogen contained in the organic maerials can become available to rice plant and plays an important role for increased yield of rice under the condition where nitrogen fertilizer supply is limited. 4. Application of organic matter does not always bring about the desirable effects. Very often the organic matter application results in more intensive soil reduction leading to the accumulation of harmful substances which would can cancel out the positive effects of organic matter. This is partiunlarly true in poorly drained soils. 5. Rice straw or compost, when applied rice soils, supply sizeable amounts of available silicate to rice plant resulting in yield increase. 6. Although the effectiveness of organic matter application on rice yield in short term experiments is not consistent due to many reasons, the long term effect of organic matter is significant. 7. The term of the $O.M/SiO_2$ ratio in rice soils can serve as a criterion for the judgement of whether organic matter or silicate fertilizer is needed to be applied in a certain soil.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2000

This observation was to investigate the influence of raw organic matter incorporated into soil at various rates on hydraulic conductivity and elution of solute throughout soil column. Generally the organic matter content in a practical agricultural field was approximately 3%. However, the application rate of organic matter in the field tends to rapidly increase in these days. Therefore, we raised the application rate of organic matter up to 10% in this investigation. From the experiment, we found that the hydraulic conductivities rapidly decreased with increasing rate of organic matter as well as rapid decrease in total volume of eluent during the same period. And electrical conductivities in the effluent significantly decreased after 2 pore volume, resulting in approaching to the criteria of saline soli. From this we could assume that the organic matter may influence the crop growth in the beginning. However excessive irrigation in the field may cause saturation of soil leading to reduction of soil. Therefore, there must be a management methods in application of organic matter with respect to soil water control.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1990

This study was carried out to search for growth and quality -of turfgrass by Nitrogen source (Urea Ammonium sulphate) and organic matter, and to obtain methods of pr6per turfgrass management by the results. This experiment was conducted in turf field from 1988 to 1989. The results of this experiment was summarized as follows; 1.Without application of organic matter, turfgrass growth between urea and ammonium sulphate was not significant, however ammonium sulphate resulted in superior to urea in total dry weight when organic matter was applied. 2.The addition of organic matter showed significant effect on color rating and visible quality, and ammonium sulphate was higher quality than urea. 3.Shoot density increased, particularly in ammonium sulphate treatment, when organic matter was applied. 4.Rhizome and stolon were shown significant effect in urea treatment by the application of organic matter. 5.Surface soil pH was allowed to become slightly acid by the ammonium sulphate treatments, but soil acidity remained mostly unaffected when organic matter was supplied. 6.Total nitrogen of log tissue and organic matter content increased when organic matter w-as applied.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.161-174
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• 1979

A review was made on the effect of organic matter application on the chemical characteristics of soils such as pH, solubilities of minerals, and cation exchange capacity mainly at flooded rice soils. The review can be summarized as follows: 1. Application of organic material such as rice straw and compost in flooded rice soil leads to a temporary lowering of soil pH at the earlier stage of soil reduction, due to the production of various organic acids and carbonic acid. This temporary lowered pH is replaced with the production of alkaline substances such as ammonia as the reduction of soil proceeds. 2. Incorporation of organic materials intensifies the ferrous iron, dissolving various minerals, virtually to the increase in electrical conductivity of soils. 3. Organic materials also play an important role in dissolving soil minerals through the production of various chelating agents. 4. Application of soil organic matter significantly increases cation exchange capacity of soils. 5. Continuous application of rice straw or compost leads to the increase in soil organic matter content to some extent, up to the level of equilibrium. In soils low in organic matter the equilibrium level is attained with five years continuous application of compost. 6. The manner of chemical fertilizer application influences the accumulation of organic matter applied in soils. Low levels of fertilization lowers the accumulation while high levels of fertilization accerelates the accumulation.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.150-155
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• 1998

To investigate effects of organic matter application on heavy metal uptake of infant rice seeding, the various amount of organic matter(peat and $Bio-com^{(R)}$)was applied on Cd or Cu treated nursery bed soil. No growth difference was observed up to 20mg/kg of Cu treatment. Above 20mg/kg of Cu treatment, the seeding height and top dry weight were decreased but the Cu uptake by seeding was increased with increasing Cu treatment level. The mat formation was poor above 20mg/kg of Cu treatment, however, the seeding peat application level. All peat treatment resulted better mat formation than control. The seeding height and top dry increasing Cd treatment level. The mat formation was not effected by either Cd treatment level or organic matter sources. The effect of peat and $Bio-com{(R)}$ application on Cd uptake by infant rice seeding was not observed at all Cd treatments level.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.648-657
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• 2015

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the continuous production and environmental conservation in arable soils. In particular, the decomposition of organic matter in soil might promote soil organic matter and fertility due to the mineralization of N. In this study, to evaluate the effect of organic matter amendment on the C mineralization and N dynamic, $CO_2-C$ flux, extractable N and $N_2O$ emission were determined using closed chamber for 4 weeks at 10, 15, $20^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature after the mixture of $2Mgha^{-1}$ rice straw compost and rye in sandy loam and clay loam. Regardless of soil texture, decomposition rates of rice straw compost and rye at $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature ranged from 0.9 to 3.8% and 8.8 to 20.3%, respectively. Rye application in soil increased $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ content as well as the $N_2O$ emission compared to the rice straw compost. After incubation for 4 weeks, total C content in two soils was higher in rice straw compost than in rye application. In conclusion, application of rice straw compost and rye to soil was able to improve the soil organic matter and fertility. However, organic matter including the recalcitrant compounds like rice straw compost would be effective on the management of soil organic matter and the reduction of greenhouse gases in soil.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2001

1979년부터 1999년까지 21년간 유기물원으로서 볏짚과 퇴비를 연용하여 토양이 화학성 및 벼수량에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 유기물종류별 토양화학성 변화는 유기물 무시용구에 비하여 볏짚구와 퇴비구에서 토양화학성이 양호하였으며 특히 유기물과 전질소함량이 유기물시용구에서 높았다. 토양물리성변화도 유기물 무시용구에 비하여 유기물시용구에서 경도와 용적밀도가 낮았고 공극율이 높아서 토양물리성이 개선되는 효과가 있었다. 수도체중 질소흡수량은 유기물 무시용구 보다는 유기물 시용구가 놓았으며 유기물종류별로는 볏짚구 보다도 퇴비구가 높았다. 수도 수량량변화는 유기물 무시용에 비하여 유기물시용구의 수량이 높았고 질소수준이 높을수록 수량이 높았다. 유기물종류별로는 볏짚구에 비하여 퇴비구에서 수량이 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 연차별 양분보유능력변화는 유기물무시용에서는 '79년부터 '85년까지는 큰 변화가 없었으나 '87년 이후에는 떨어지는 경향이었고, 볏짚구나 퇴비구에서는 20년간 큰 변화가 없었다. 연차별 수량 변화 역시 유기물무시용에서는 계속 떨어지는 경향이었으나 볏짚구나 퇴비시용구에서는 큰 변화가 없었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.264-271
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• 1988

유기물연용(有機物連用) 답토양(沓土攘)의 화학적(化學的) 특성(特性) 및 유기물연용시(有機物連用時) 질소시비량(窒素施肥量) 수준(水準) 구명(究明)코져 하해혼성평탄지(河海混成平坦地) 토양(土壤)인 전북통(全北統)에서 유기물(有機物)(무시용(無施用), 생약(生藥)500, 퇴비(堆肥) 1,000 kg/10a) 처리(處理)하고, 질소수준(窒素水準)(0, 15, 20kg/10a)을 달리하여 1979~1987년(年)까지 9년(年)동안 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토양(土壤)의 pH는 유기물(有機物) 무시용구(無施用區)에서 9년간(年間) 큰 변화(變化)가 없었으나 퇴비구(堆肥區) 는 3~4년차(年次), 생고구(生藁區)는 5~6년차(年次)에서 가장 낮았다. 2. 토양중(土攘中) 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 유기물연용(有機物連用)이 경과(經過)할수록 증가(增加)하였으나 연용(連用) 5년차(年次) 이후(以後)부터 생고연용구(生藁連用區)의 유기물함량(有機物含量)이 퇴비구(堆肥區)보다 높았다. 3 유효규산(有效珪酸) 및 인산함량(燐酸含量)은 유기물(有機物)을 연용(連用)하므로서 표(表) 심토(心土) 공(共)히 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하였으며, 퇴비구(堆肥區)보다 생고연용구(生藁連用區)에서 증가(增加) 폭(幅)이 컸고 무시용구(無施用區)에서는 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 토양중(土攘中) 치환성(置換性) 양(陽)이온 (Ca, Mg, K) 및 전질소함량(全窒素含量) 유기물연용구(有機物連用區)에서 증가(增加)되었으며, 특(特)히 생고연용구(生藁連用區)에서 높았고 무시용구(無施用區)에서는 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 5 토양(土壤)Eh는 무시용(無施用)>퇴비(堆肥)>생고구(生藁區) 순(順)으로 낮은 값을 나타내고 있으나, 유기물연용(有機物連用)으로 유수형성기(幼穗形成期)에서 출수기(出穗期)까지 급격(急激)히 환원(還元)되어 Eh값이 증가되었다. 6. 수량구성요소중(收量構成要素中) $m^2$ 당(當) 수수(穗數) 및 수당입수(穗當粒數)는 생고연용구(生藁連用區)에서 가장 높고 각(各) 처리(處理) 공(共)히 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)이 증가(增加)할수록 많았으며, 천립중(千粒重)은 유기물연용(有機物連用)의 질소시비량(窒素施肥量) 낮을수록 무거운 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 7. 유기물연용시(有機物連用時) 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)의 권장 수준(水準)은 생고(生藁)(500kg/10a)연용시(連用時) 1~3년(年)은 21kg/10a, 4~6년(年)은 24kg/10a, 7~9년(年)은 20kg/10a였으며, 퇴비(堆肥)(1,000kg/10a) 연용시(連用時)는 1~3년(年)은 16kg/10a, 4~9년(年)은 19kg/10a으로 추정(推定)되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of applying times and dilution rates of cattle slurry on dry matter yields of orchard grass. Cattle slurry was applied at the rates of average mineral nitrogen fertilizer equivalent to 150 kg/ha/year in 3 cutting frequency. Significantly higher dry matter yields than that of no fertilization (3.04 ton DM/ha) were recorded in the application of diluted cattle slurry(5.38~6.25 ton DM/ha) (p<0.05). Especially, this tendency was shown with higher annual dry matter yields at the partitioned dressing times, such as at the applications for 1st and 2nd growth, 1st and 3rd growth, and 1st, 2nd and 3rd growth respectively. The yields of annual dry matter both at fertilizing phosphorus and potassium, and phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen were higher than no fertilization as 5.41 tons and 8.78 tons per ha respectively. However, with application of diluted cattle slurry, dry matter yield par year (5.84 ton DM/ha) was higher than those of fertilizing phosphorus and potassium. The efficiencies of dry matter production with mineral and cattle slurry nitrogen application (kg DM/kg N) were 225 and 15.8~18.7 kg DM/kg N respectively. Especially, these tendencies were higher in diluted application plots than in no-diluted application plots of cattle slurry.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application levels of swine manure fermented with sawdust(SMFS) and degree of the slope on productivity of corn, and nitrogen and organic matter runoff in corn cultivation soil. Main plots were consisted of the degree of slope, such as 0, 5 and 10, and the subplots consisted of application levels of SMFS, such as control, 200kgNha and 400kgNha. Lysimeter was constructed with 0.33m width, 3m length and 0.4m height. Dry matter(DM) yields of corn decreased as the slope increased but there was no significant differences between the degree of the slope. DM yields increased significantly as application levels of SMFS increased (pc0.05). DM yields decreased according to continuous cultivation of corn. Total nitrogen(TN) contents of the whole corn decreased as the slope increased(p<0.05). TN content in SMFS treatments was higher than that of non-SMFS treatment but there was no significantly different between SMFS treatments. TN yields decreased significantly as the slope and the application level of SMFS increased(p<0.05). Nitrogen and organic matter yields in the runoff waters increased as the slope and application levels of SMFS increased. The runoff of nitrogen and organic matter was more affected by the increase of the slope than application levels of SMFS. (Key words : Corn, Runoff, Swine manure, Degree of slope, Lysimeter)