• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.744-751
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• 2008

Physicochemical properties of Gugija-sugar leaching were investigated by adding sugar ratio on Gugija (Lycii fructus) raw fruit. Gugija were prepared by parboiling ($40{\sim}50$ sec at $85^{\circ}C$) and unparboiling. Gugija-sugar leaching were leached after preserving (5 months at $5^{\circ}C$) Gugija-sugar mixture (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% sugar based on raw Gugija). The yield increased with UPRGSL-4 (Gugija-sugar leaching adding 80% sugar) having the highest yield at 77.5%; in contrast, total acidity decreased with increasing ratio of sugar. The main organic acids of raw Gugija are tartaric acid (0.63%), citric acid (0.57%), malic acid (0.54%) and succinic acid (0.3%). Citric acid and succinic acid decreased with increasing ratio of sugar but malic acid and tartaric acid increased on Gugija-sugar leaching. Polyphenolics and betaine content of unparboiling Gugija-sugar leaching decreased as increase ratio of sugar but in term of used Gugija amount, betaine content of each Gugija-sugar leaching was equal to raw Gugija. Also, parboiling Gugija-sugar leaching decreased quickly with increasing ratio of sugar, especially PRGSL-4 and PRGSL-5 (parboiling Gugija-80 and 100% sugar leaching, respectively) was not determined. 15 types of free amino acids were detected in raw Gugija; the total content was 601.6 mg/100 g and the highest amino acid among them was serine, 218.1 mg/100 g. In PRGSL-4 prepared by parboiling, 9 kinds of free amino acid were detected and the total content was 383.3 mg/100g. Also, in UPRGSL-4 (unparboiling Gugija-80% sugar leaching), all 17 kinds were detected and its total content was 705.7 mg/100 g.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1363-1370
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• 2012

In this study, methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared from Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch. fruit. Antioxidative activities, polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidative activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 5.8 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 88.1 ${\mu}g/mL$ for DPPH radical and nitrite scavenging, respectively, which were comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Further, total flavonoid and polyphenolic contents were highest in the ethyl acetate fraction with $IC_{50}$ values of 244.5 mg/g and 210.2 mg/g, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values for tyrosinase inhibitory activity were 0.310 mg/mL and 0.329 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, respectively. Based on these results, it is suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch. fruit could be used as a functional material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.376-387
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• 2019

Melons are mostly grown in soil, but it is susceptible to damage due to injury by continuous cropping such as Fusarium wilt and root rot. Hydroponic cultivation system can overcome the disadvantages of soil cultivation with precise nutrition management and a clean environment. When using the coir substrate, the most environmentally friendly organic substrate used for hydroponics, it is analyzed how the growth and fruit quality of the melon depends on the ratio of chips and dust and the amount of irrigation. The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data of melon hydroponics when cultivated in spring. The two types of the coir substrates used in the experiments were chip and dust ratios of 3 :7 and 5 : 5 respectively. The substrate with high dust ratios had excellent physical characteristics, such as container capacity and total porosity, and the drainage EC level showed a high value of $3.0-6.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. When the amount of irrigation is provided based on the drainage rate, the group provided the nutrient solution on the basis of 10% drainage supplied 91 L per plant, which was reduced by about 30% compared to the group with the highest water supply. In addition, the total drainage showed less than 10 L per plant with a minimum water supply and was reduced by 30 - 70% in substrate with a high dust rates. In substrate with high water supply and high dust ratio, leaf growth and fruit enlargement were good, and the soluble solids content varies greatly from cultivar to cultivar. If you provided the amount of irrigation based on 10% drainage rate, the fruit weight will be decreased, but the amount of irrigation can be reduced. Therefore, it is considered that managing the water & nutrient properly taking into account the characteristics of coir substrate and cultivar can produce melon of uniform quality using hydroponics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 2014

This study was conducted to survey and analyze the quantity of various organic wastes and to vitalize the utilization of agri-food by-products as raw materials for Total mixed ration (TMR), to improve feed cost savings and the quality of animal products. On-the-spot obstacles for animal farmers, along with legal and institutional alternatives are presented. The results are as follows. First, organic wastes in Korea are managed by the Allbaro system created in the Wastes Control Act, which processes 10,488 tons of cooking oil waste, 832,493 tons of animal and plant residues, 5,740 tons of animal carcasses, 1,171,892 tons of animal residues, and 2,172,415 tons of plant residues including 12,905 tons of rice hull and bran, for a total of 4,205,931 tons. Raw materials for TMR, namely rice hulls and bran as well as plant residues, accounted for 51.7% of the total national organic waste. The top 10 municipalities process 76~100% of all organic wastes and a supply management system is needed for the waste. Second, the 10 major agri-food by-products used as raw materials for TMR are bean curd by-product, rice bran, oil-cake, brewers dried grain, Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), barley bran, soy sauce by-product, citrus fruit by-product, mushroom by-product and other food by-product (bread, noodles, snacks, etc.). Third, the biggest difficulties in using agri-food by-products are legal obstacles. Because agri-food by-products are regulated as industrial wastes by the Waste Control Act, animal farmers that wish to use them have legal reporting obligations including the installation of recycling facilities. To enable the use of agri-food by-products as raw materials for TMR, waste management system improvements such as 'the end of waste status' and the establishment of more than 10 public distribution centers nationwide are deemed essential.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2015

This study was carried out to characterize the chemical components of Flammulina velutipes during storage by different packaging film application for developing export winter mushroom to south east asia area. Changes of weight and growth rate from Flammulina velutipes were the lowest in testing packaging film at $15^{\circ}C$ among the films. The pH changes of Flammulina velutipesg was the highest in imported packaging film at $25^{\circ}C$. The changes of colors was measured by Hunter's color value, L value and yellowness (+b) were slightly decreased during storage. But the L value and yellowness (+b) were not affected by packaging films. Six organic acids were detected such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and succinic acid. The content of total organic acids were increased by storage period.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

A total of 20 agricultural organic materials including inorganic compounds, plant oils and plant extracts were used in the study for assessing the control efficacy on pepper diseases. Among inorganic compounds, only copper hydroxide showed inhibitory effect on both Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight and Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose. Phosphorous acid inhibited the growth of P. capsici on PDA, and Sulfur/quicklime had it on that of C. acutatum. Plant essential oil, rosemary oil, and rapeseed oil among plant oils and plant extract of Japanese apricot/ginkgo nut inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens. In the screening using pepper plant seedlings, the control efficacy on Phytophthora blight in 6-leaf stage of seedling was superior to that in 4-leaf stage of seedling. A protective effect on Phytophthora blight was displayed by copper hydroxide, sulfur/quicklime, water soluble calcium, phosphorous acid, plant essential oil, and cloves extract. When C. acutatum was inoculated by the non-wound method, copper hydroxide and rapeseed oil showed excellent protective activities with control values of 91.3% and 82.6%, respectively. However, copper hydroxide did not show any activity, when C. acutatum was inoculated after wounding pepper fruits. All organic materials never showed the curative effect on Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in pepper seedling assay and fruit assay.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.215-228
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• 2011

To establish the organic cultivation of pepper using green manure crops, this work studied the growth characteristics and yield of green manure crops, mineral composition of green manure crops, mineral uptake in shoots of green manure crops, chemical composition in soil of green manure crops, and the growth characteristics and yield of pepper in vinyl house. Shoot dry weight of green manure crops was higher level in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Also, the roots were spread deeply into soil in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. Density of root-knot nematodes in rhizosphere of green manure crops was significantly more decrease in Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum than in Glycine max and Sorghum bicolor. Total nitrogen and CaO content of green manure crops was significantly higher in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. $K_2O$ content was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. MgO content was not significant difference at all green manure crops. Cations content ratio of $K_2O$ : CaO : MgO was 3.4 : 1.4 : 1. Total nitrogen uptake in shoots of green manure crops was high level in Glycine max, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum compared with in Crotalaria juncea. $K_2O$ and MgO uptake was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Value of pH in soil of green manure crops was more increase in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum and control, but after cultivation of pepper pH in soil was recovered with initial soil pH before seeding of green manure crops. EC value in control, green manure crops, and pepper cultivation decreased by 44%, 15~18%, and 38~61% level, respectively, compared with initial soil of green manure crops treatment. K content in soil of control, Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max cultivation was increased by 14%, but the K content in soil of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum decreased by 24~38%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil of Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolor decreased by 11%, but CEC in soil of Glycine max, Sorghum and control increased by 11%. Harvest fruit yield was higher in Crotalaria juncea, Glycine max, and Sorghum bicolor cultivation than in control and Sorghum.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2019

The study was compared for soil chemical and microbial properties as well as growth of the cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) plants environmentally friendly gown for 3 years and 5 years, which had been fertigated with homemade liquid fertilizer (LF) with indigenous microorganism as an additional fertilizer. Treatment included LF with indigenous microorganism for 3 years (3-year IM-LF) and for 5 years (5-year IM-LF), with an effective microorganism for 10 years (EM-LF), which had been applied with 1,000 times of dilution in the farmhouse. IM-LF and EM-LF materials had increased pH pattern for 16 weeks, in particular for increase of 1.2 for EM-LF. IM-LF material contained slightly higher EC but similar level of 0.2 dS/m to EM-LF. For a pot experiment in the greenhouse, IM-LF treatment increased root dry weight of the cherry tomato plants. In the farmhouse experiment, IM-LF treatment increased to 7.5 of soil pH and 8.4 dS/m of EC, indicating high salt accumulation. EM-LF treatment increased to 62 g/kg of soil OM, which would have affected concentrations of macro essential nutrients, including T-N in the soil. However, the optimum soil chemical levels for growth of cherry tomato plants were observed on the IM-LF plots. EM-LF treatment increased number of bacteria and actinobacteria in the soil. EM-LF treatment increased concentrations of macro essential nutrients in the plants, except for P, with similar nutrient concentrations observed between 3-year IM-LF and 5-year IM-LF-treated plants. Leaf SPAD and PS II levels decreased in the plants treated with 3-year IM-LF. EM-LF treatment increased leaf width and length, number of leaves, canopy area, plant height, and stem diameter in the mid-term stage of growth, which were not significantly different between the treatments. EM-LF treated-plants had two times higher leaf dry weight than those of values observed on the IM-LF plants, which was the opposite result observed on the number of fruit.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2005

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of supplying methods of selenium on the growth and Se uptake of hydroponically grown tomato plants. Tomato seeds (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Momotaro T-93, Daki Seed Co.) were sown in plug tray with fifty holes, and raised for sixty days. Tomato seedlings transplanted to coco fiber slabs were supplied with the nutrient solutions adjusted to EC $2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH $5.8\~6.2$ recommended by the Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station. Selenium forms used were inorganic $SeO_2$ (here in after referred to Se) and organic selenium chlenium with sugar fatty acid ester (here in after referred to chelated-Se). 10 ppm selenium solutions were treated to tomato plants with foliar applications, drenching, and foliar application plus drenching. Growth characteristics in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly increased in the plot of foliar application ot Se, and in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se than other plots, respectively. Transported contents of selenium into the tomato fruits were highest as 0.302 ppm in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se. Also, it had tended to be higher in the plot of foliar application plus drenching than in the plots of foliar application or drenching in both of Se and chelated-Se. Foliar application and drenching of organic chelated-Se were effective to produce the functional tomato fruits.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.202-218
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• 1976

In this experiment American Summer Pairman apple was selected as test fruit in order to study the effect of sub-atmospheric pressure storage in the apple. keeping a certain pressure condition, a new sub-atmospheric pressure system was designed and constructed in which fruits were stored at $25^{\circ}C$ under two different atmospheric pressure conditions such as Normal Atmospheric Pressure (NAP) and Sub-Atmospheric Pressure (SAP). Moreover, they were divided into plots of 5% and 0% of $CO_2$, on the basis of gas composition. Under these conditions, the amount of respiration and ethylene evolution, and the changes of intercellular gas composition and organic components were investigated throughout the storage. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The intercellular gas was exhausted so rapidly by the SAP treatment that the gas equilibrium in the tissues reached within 5 minutes. (2) The amount of respiration was found to be higher in plots of NAP than SAP, and under the conditions, controlling $CO_2$ content, plots of $CO_2$ 5% were lower in the amount of respiration than $CO_2$ 0%. The climateric rise was revealed more slowly in plots of the SAP than NAP. These results indicate that the SAP treatment was an efficient method for controlling the respiration of fruits. Furthermore, these results were also realized with the results of the respiratory quotient (R.Q) and intercellular gas composition. (3) Evolution of ethylene, the ripening hormone in plant, was shown the similar tendency to the climacteric pattern of respiration; at the stage of climacteric maximum, the maximun amount of ethylene was found earlier in plots of NAP than SAP, and post climacteric stage was prolonged in the plots of the SAP compared to those of the NAP. The ethylene concentration in tissue appeared lower in plots of the SAP than NAP, which might suggest that the SAP treatment was caused to restriction of ethylene evolution. (4) Effects of the SAP treatment mentioned hitherto were proved also with the test of the external appearance such as changes of color and freshness, firmness, rotting and weight loss. (5) In the investigation of organic components, vitamin C and organic acids varied less in plots of SAP than NAP. Specially, it was remarkable that the loss of malic acid was least decreased by the SAP treatment. These effects of the SAP treatment were distinctive in the changes of the ratios of malic and citric acid to total acid, and the ratios of free sugar to free acid.